Chitin

Chitin is a linear polysaccharide, with β-(1-4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans (crab, shrimp, lobster, insects) & molluscs, as well as the cell walls of algae and fungi, chitin is the second-most naturally abundant polysaccharide after cellulose [1, 2]. Chitin occurs naturally in the polymorphic forms: α, β and γ. The α-polymorphic form of chitin is the most abundant in nature, present in the strong exoskeleton of crustaceans [6]. α-Chitin forms tightly compact anti-parallel chains, favouring strong H-bonding creating the hard structural component of exoskeletons [1, 3]. β-chitin is present in molluscs, particularly squid and cuttlefish, with a parallel arrangement, causing a less stable structure due…

As shown in Figure 2, there are two major classifications of chimerism: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative classification According to the amount of biological material of an organism present in another genetically different, chimerism can be minimal (microchimerism), partial or total. Microchimerism refers to the presence of a small population (less than 1%) of cells or DNA of another genetically distinct individual. This is the case of the bidirectional exchange of fetal and maternal…

catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of β-1,4-glycoside bond of chitin (Kasprzewska 2003; Jitonnom et al. 2011) and also hydrolyze the deacetylated form of chitin, which is referred to as chitosan. Chitinases digest the chitosan polysaccharide chain at the remaining acetylated sugar residues. Chitin and chitosan are abundant in fungal and some algal cell walls, in bacteria and in the exoskeleton of invertebrates (Li and Roseman 2004). Lipochitooligosaccharides or Nod factors produced by rhizobia…

Chitosan is a natural linear amino polysaccharide gained from chitin which is, after cellulose, the second more common biopolymer on earth. Chitin is the primary component in the shells of crustaceans such as shrimp, crab, and lobster. Chitin is present in crayfish, insects, and vegetal species mainly in the walls of fungi. These species require nitrogen for nutritional cycle. Chitin has been sourced from different originate and its composition shown in table 2.1 (synowie). Small quantity of…

Chitin is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide consisting of β(1→ 4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units in a linear form. Chitin is insoluble in water and mainly exists in two crystalline (α- and β-) forms. The α-chitin consists of sheets of tightly packed alternating parallel and antiparallel chains (1) and is abundant in the exoskeleton of arthropods, insects, fungi, and yeast cell walls. The chains are arranged in parallel orientation in β-chitin (2), which occurs less…

Methods This study compared the clinical isolates, containing varying levels of chitin, to the survival status and immune response of the patient that the cells were extracted from. To test whether the amount of chitin correlated with an increased ability of Cryptococcus neoformans to worsen human disease, the chitin levels of the clinical isolates were measured and analyzed with the clinical data for the patients. The findings of the study will contribute to the understanding of the…

arthropods such as springtails. Thus the enzymes able to catalyze complex substrates protects them from phagocytosis whereas they themselves phagocytize other life forms b) Most fungi have chitin as structural polysaccharide including Ascomycota, while zygomycetes synthesize chitosan, the deacetylated homopolymer of chitin. Chitin is built of β-1,4 bonded N- acetyl glucosamine. Fungal hyphae grow at the tip. Therefore, specialized vesicles, the chitosomes, bring precursors of chitin and its…

expressed as mean, n=3) . 3.6.6.1.6 Effect of Chitin Concentration (Porosity Enhancer) The dissolution behavior of formulas F15 and F16 prepared with different concentrations of Chitin as porosity enhancer at 2.5% and 5% ,respectively ,were compared to the dissolution of the formula F8 prepared without chitin (0%) as in Figure (50).From data shown in Table (18),can concluded that there is non significant (p>0.05)difference in the dissolution behavior between these formulas.There is inverse…

decreasing, we can still bring it back up because many artificial baits like Eco-Bait can help save these endangered species. Many people believe that interacting with horseshoe crabs will be beneficial to humans and still cause no harm to horseshoe crabs because of the resources they provide such as their chitin. Chitin is found in the shells, or exoskeleton of horseshoe crabs and is one resource that many believe is a benefit of interacting with horseshoe crabs because it provides contact…

instantaneous vaporization of the surrounding water, which appears as if the liquid has been displaced. This is called a cavitation bubble, and can be up to a quarter inch in size (Patek, 2004). These vapor bubbles are then released in the form of light, heat, and/or sound. The achievement of a cavitation bubble can only be produced by organisms that can strike nearly as fast, or faster than, the mantis shrimp (Patek, 2004). With strength powerful enough to break glass, it is not obvious how…