Developmental Psychology Terms From Chapter 7 Of Child Development

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phonology

Back 1

Fundamental sound units and combinations of units in a given language.

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semantics

Back 2

Meanings of words or combinations of words

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grammar

Back 3

Rules pertaining to the structure of language

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syntax

Back 4

Grammatical rules that dictate how words can be combined

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morphology

Back 5

Rules for how to combine the smallest meaningful units of language to form words

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pragmatics

Back 6

Rules for using language effectively within a social context

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prosody

Back 7

Patterns of intonation, stress, and rhythm that communicate meaning in speech

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cooing

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Vowel-like utterances that characterize the infant's first attempts to vocalize

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babbling

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Consonant-vowell utterances that chracterize the infant's first attempts to vocalize

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canonical babbling

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Repetition of simple consonant-vowel combinations in well-formed syllables

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protodeclarative communication

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Use of a gesture to call attention to an object or event

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protoimperative communication

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Use of a gesture to issue a comman or request

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nominals

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Words that label objects, people, or events; the first type of words mose children produce

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vocabulary spurt

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Period of rapid word acquisition that typically occurs early in language development

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underextension

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Application of a label to a narrower class of objects than the term signifies

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overextension

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Tendency to apply a label to a broader category than the term actually signifies

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receptive language

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Ability to comprehend spoken speech

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productive language

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Meaningful language spoken or otherwise produced by an individual

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referential style

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Type of early language production in which the child uses mostly nominals

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expressive style

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Type of early language production in which the child uses many social words

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fast-mapping

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Deriving meanings of words from the contexts in which they are spoken

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mutual exclusivity bias

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Tendency for children to assume that unfamiliar words label new objects

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joint attention

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Episodes in which the child shares the same"psychological space" with another individual

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telegraphic speech

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Early two-word speech that contains few modifiers, prepositions, or other connective words

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overregularization

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Inappropriate application of syntactic rules to words and grammatical forms that show exception

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semantic bootstrapping hypothesis

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Idea that children derive information about syntax from the meanings of words

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referential communication

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Communication in situations that require the speaker to describe an object to a listener or to evaluate the effectiveness of a message

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metalinguistic awareness

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Ability to reflect on language as a communication tool and on the self as a user of language

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metaphor

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Figurative language in which a term in transferred from the object it customarily designates to describe an object or event in another context

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Broca's area

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Portion of the cerebral cortex that controls expressive language

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expressive aphasia

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Loss of the ability to speak fluently

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Wernicke's area

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Portion of the cerebral cortex that controls language comprehension

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receptive aphasia

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Loss of the ability to comprehend speech

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motherese/parentese

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Simple, repetitive, high-pitched speech of caregivers to young children; includes many questions

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turn taking

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Alternating vocalization by parent and child

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turnabout

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Element of conversation that requests a response from the child

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recast

Back 37

Repetition of a child's utterance along with grammatical corrections

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expansion

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Repetition of a child's utterance along with more complex forms

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private speech

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Children's vocalized speech to themselves that directs behavior

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inner speech

Back 40

Interiorized form of private speech