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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
scientific method
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use of objective, measurable, and repeatable techniques to gather information
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variable
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factor having no fixed or constant value in a given situation
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operational definition
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specification of variables in terms of measurable properties
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validity
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degree to whcih an assessment procedure actually measures the variable under consideration
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reliability
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degree to which a measure will yield the same results if administered repeatedly
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naturalistic observation
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study in which observations of naturally ocurring behavior are made in real-life settings
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participant reactivity
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tendency of individuals who know they are under boservation to alter natural behavior
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observer bias
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tendency of researchers to interpret ongoing eents as being consistent with their research hypothesis
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structured observation
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study in which behaviors are recorded as they occur within a situation constructed by the experimenter; usually in the laboratory
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structured interview
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standardized set of questions administered orally to participants
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questionnaire
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set of standardized questions administered to participants in written form
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clincial method
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flexible, open-ended interview method in which questions are modified in reaction to the child's responses
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meta-analysis
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statistical examination of a body of research studies to assess the effect of the common central variable
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correlational study
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study that ssesses whether changes in on variable are accompanied by systematic changes in another variable
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positive correlation
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relationship in which changes in one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in another variable in the same direction
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negative correlation
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relationship in which changes in one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in another variable in the opposite direction
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correlation coefficient (<i>r</i>)
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statistical measure, ranging from +1.00 to -1.00, that summarizes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables; does not provide information about causation
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experimental design
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research method in which one or more independent variables are manipulated to determine the effect on other, dependent variables
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independent variable
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variable manipulated by the experimenter; the suspected cause
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dependent variable
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behavior that is measured; suspected effect of an experimental manipulation
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random assignment
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use of principles of chance to assign participants to treatment and control groups; avoids systematic bias
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field experiment
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experiment conducted in a "natural," real-world setting such as the child's home or school
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quasi-experiment
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study in which the assignmeent of participants to experimental groups is determined by their natural experiences
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case study
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in-depth description of psychological characteristics and behaviors of an individual, often in the form of a narrative
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single-case design
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study that follows only one or a few participants over a period of time, with an emphasis on systematic collection of data
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longitudinal study
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research in which the same participants are repeatedly tested over a period of time, usually years
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age-history confound
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in longitudinal studies, the co-occurence of historical factors with changes in age; affects the ability to interpret results
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cross-sectional study
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study in which individuals of different ages are examined at the same point in time
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cohort effects
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characteristics shared by individuals growing up in a given sociohistorical context that can influence developmental outcomes
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sequential study
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study that examines groups of children of different ages over a period of timel usually shorter than a longitudinal study
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cross-cultural study
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study that compares individuals in different cultural contexts
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ethnography
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set of methods, including observations and interviews, used by researchers to describe the behaviors and underlying meaning systems within a given culture
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informed consent
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participant's formal acknowledgement that he or she understands the purposes, procedures, and risks of a study and agrees to participate in it
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debriefing
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providing research participants with a statement of the true goals of a study after initially deceiving them or omitting information about its purposes
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