Anthropology Exam #1 (Part 1)

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myths

Back 1

stories that transmit culturally meaningful messages about the universe, the natural

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banyoro myths

Back 2

father testing his 3 sons, youngest son inherits thrown.
they didn't have names and had to engage in competition.

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banyoro myth had 3 social classes

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1. farmer
2. shepherd, and cattleman
3. leader

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4 main parts of anthropology

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biological
cultural
variation
evolution

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4 major subfields of anthropology

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archeology
linguistics
biological
cultural

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religion

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the belief in the supernatural

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supernatural

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that which is beyond our normal experience

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earliest religious behavior -- when, who, what

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neaderthals burial; indicated belief in afterlife
70,000 yrs ago
extended burial: layed out flat in same direction
flexed burial: like a womb

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E.B. Taylor -- when, theory

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1880s writer [20-30 yrs after Darwin's Natural Selection]
unilineal cultural evolutionary theory

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unilineal cultural evolutionary theory

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all human cultures start out as savages, progress to barbarism and develop into civilization

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Taylor said that all cultures start out in...

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animism ==> polytheism ==> monotheism

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animism

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belief in spirits
belief that things have a soul
the idea of a soul is the result of dreams... concept of a "ghost soul"

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4 basic elements that all religions have:

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myth
taboo
symbolism
ritual

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soul

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the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal

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myth, three points

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acts as science; answers questions
template for behavior
way to convery cultural info

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emic analysis

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study of a society through the eyes of the people being studied

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taboo

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rules of behavior
function is to set limits or boundries on behavior. narrow choices
No taboo --> No rules

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baNyoro myth (Uganda)

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three sons myth created for socio/political order
eldest: servant and cultivator [picks knife, food, headring, axe]
2nd: cattlemen [picks up thong]
youngest: father's heir [picks up ox's head]

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Levy-Strauss [1908-2009]

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father of modern anthropology"
binary oppositions: all choices are made into "yes or no"
Structuralism has been defined as "the search for the underlying patterns of thought in all forms of human activity."

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syncretic

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the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought

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rite of passage

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a ritual event that marks a person's progress from one status to another

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holistic

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"The tendency in nature to form wholes that are greater than the sum of the parts through creative evolution."

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divination

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a set of rituals designed to answer a question
the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means.
types often end in -omancy or -imancy
soothsayer

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King Isaza myth

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King Isaza came to the thrown a very young man
drove away elders replaced with his young friends
killed a zebra, stiched it to himself
zebra skin dries and almost kills him, friends are no help
elders come to his rescue by throwing him in pond
"respect your elders"

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origin myth

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explain origins of the gods and the creation of humans and their natural environment

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trickster myths

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feature an anthropomorphized animal and conveys a moral lesson in an often humorous way

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flood myths

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often due to Gods dissatisfaction with human behavior

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hero myths

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through journey and trials the hero often acquires knowledge and brings it to human kind.

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typically the hero goes through 3 stages

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1. separation
2. training
3. return

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examples of heros

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1. hercules
2. jesus
3. Buddha

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mono myth

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theme common to many myths that tells of the adventures of a culture hero

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cross cultural comparisons of myths attempt to..

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reconstruct the "original form"

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James George Frazer, The Golden Bough

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used as a "Social Charter"

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myth is a ______ agent model for behavior.

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socializing

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braonislaw malnowski

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myth not for scientific explanation and justifies existing social order and moral values.

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Sigmund Freud

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-1856-1939
-reversion to childhood feelings
-Mythic symbols come from unconscious
-

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Freud

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Conscious mind censors impulses and desires, but make them comprehensible through dreams and myths

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Jung Archetypes

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-wise woman
-the hero
-the great mother
-the father
-the miraculous child
-the shadow

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god

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-and individual supernatural being, distinctive name and personality
-controls or influences a major aspect of nature

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Gods are more powerful then spirits

true or false

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true

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4 types of gods

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1. creator
2. otiose
3. trickster
4. attribute

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creator god

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responsible for the creation of the physical earth and plants and animals that live upon it.

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otiose god

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is to remote and to uninterested in human activities to participate in the activities and fate of humans

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trickster god

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gave humans important things or skills often by accident or through trickery

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atribute god

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rules over a narrowly defined domain

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Emile Durkheim on religion

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the value and concerns of a culture are projected onto the Gods themselves.

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Clifford Geertz on religion

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-1926-2006
-religion is a model of and a model for society, Gods reflect human characteristics and behavior

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Sigmund Freud on religion

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religion is a symbolic expression of the relationships between children and their parents
-we project human qualities onto the Gods and nature

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3 types of Origins of supernatural beings

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1. non-human origins
2. gods
3. spirits

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human origins

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-ancestor spirits
-ghosts
-zombies
-vampires

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spirits origins

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-a supernatural being that is less powerful than a God.
-live among humans and may inhabit special places
-do not have human origins

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spirits origins example

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-Dani
-guardian spirits
-native american vision quest

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angels

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in judaism, Christianity, and Islam, spirit beings who act as a mediators between God and Human beings.

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2 types of Christian Demons

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1. Incubi
2. Succubae/ succubus

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Incubi

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male demons who have sex with human women while they sleep, resulting in the birth of demons, witches, and deformed children

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Succubae or Succubus

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female demons who have sex with human men while they sleep, resulting in damnation of the mens soul.

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exorcism

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practice of evicting demons

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goddesses

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associated with fertility, agriculture, and a lunar calendar.

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4 examples of Goddesses

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1. Mary
2. Ishtar
3. Isis
4. Kali

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Mary

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sacred mother virgin and sinless (roman catholic)

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Ishtar

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invincible in battle and source of fertility (Mesopotamia)

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Isis

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great mother (ancient Egypt)

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Kali

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destroyer/ transformer (hindu)

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atheism

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disbelief or denial of the existence of God or gods

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meaning of _______depends upon the ________ context

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god, cultural

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early atheists

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christians and muslims

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agnosticism

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the idea that the nature of the supernatural is unknowable, that it is impossible to prove the non-existence of the supernatural as it is to prove its existence

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3 religions that practice monotheism

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1. Judaism
2. Christianity
3. Islam

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Monotheism

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only one God

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monotheism 4 other types of supernatural beings

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1. spirits
2. angles
3. demons
4. goddesses

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hindu trimurti

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concept in Hinduism "in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of supernaturals gods

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trimurti (3 gods)

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1. Brahma-creator
2. Vishnu-preserver
3. Shiva-destoryer

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ethnocentrism

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judging another culture by the standards of ones own

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the field of anthropology attempts to _______ ethnocentrism

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avoid

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cultural relativism

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views any aspect of a culture through its own cultural context

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anthropology is concerned with the way religion ________in society, not whether it is _________

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functions, true

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less specialized societies

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religious behavior combines with economic, legal, social practices.

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more specialized societies

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religious functions apart from law, politics, education, economics.

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2 types of psychological functions (benefits to individual)

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1. cognitive functions
2. explains the unexplainable

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3 types of functions of religion (benefits to society)

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1. social control
2. conflict resolution
3. group solidarity

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Sir Edward Tyler

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(1871), viewed animism as 1st phase of human religion

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Robert Marett

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(1914) believed early religions to be more emotional and intuitive
-believed in animatism

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animatism

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people, plants, animals, objects have impersonal, supernatural powers

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Tylor vs Marett

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tylor=animism
Marett=animatism

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how religion developed over time

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magic-religon-science

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karl marx

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(1818-1883)
-"religion is opium for the masses",
-to control and maintain power

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Carl Jung

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-swiss psychotherapist and psychiatrist
-founded analytical psychology
- collective unconscious
-i.e, wise woman

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Bronislaw Malinowski

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-polish anthropologist
-1884-1942
-participant observer method of observation

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Joseph Campbell

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-1904-1987
-American Mythologist
-comparative mythology

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why do anthologists study religion?

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-anthropologist study humanity, religion is the base of human beliefs.

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what methods do anthropologist use to study culture and society?

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-holistic approach
-participant observation

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-what approaches and theories have been used to study religion?
-Who is associated with each one?

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-Evolutionary, Marxist, Functional, Interpretive and Psychosocial Approaches.
-Evo=Edward B. Tylor
-Marxist= Karl Marx
-Functional=Emile Durkheim
-Interpretive=Clifford Geertz
-Psychosocial=Sigmund Freud

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What connection between religion and human biology has been suggested by scientists?

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yahoo answers

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culture

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human beliefs and behaviors of a society that are learned, transmitted from one generation to the next, and shared by a group of people.

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holism

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the study of human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes

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culture relativism

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attempting to analyze and understanding cultures other than one's own without judging them in terms of one's own culture.

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participant observation

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research method whereby the anthropologist lives in a community and participates in the lives of the people under study while at the same times making objective observations.

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ethnography

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the descriptive study of human societies

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etic analysis

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study of a society using concepts that were developed outside of the culture

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human universals

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characteristics that are found in all human societies