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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anthropology
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the study of human condition across space and time
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science
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a collection of bodies of knowledge and ways of describing, predicting, and manipulating events in the universe.
a set of practices and methods designed to challenge and revise preconceived notions about the world with logic, reason, and the collection of empirical data |
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fact
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a statement that is "...confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional consent."
only true to the extent we fail to prove otherwise |
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hypothesis
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a carefully worded conjecture derived from theory designed to be challenged by a test
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is evolution fact or theory?
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both.
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models
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purpose is to be able to take a complicated framework and have it interact with data, by building a manageable abstract representation of the phenomenon being study
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genome
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the total of all DNA in an organism. very little of the human genome is comprised of genes.
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DNA: four basic molecules
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adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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in DNA, what binds to what?
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a -> t
g -> c |
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what is replaced in RNA?
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thymine replaced by uracil
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where is genetic info held?
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nucleus and mitochondria
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purpose of genome?
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map/model to help explain things going on-- compare to other species, etc.
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gene
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region of DNA that codes for a functional protein of RNA prodcut
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transposon
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"jumping gene"
moves/relocates from one element in the genome to another at random |
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retrotransposon
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part of the genome that can make copies of itself and insert it into another part of the genome
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protein
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an organic compound made of a linear sequence of amino acids joined with peptide bonds
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pseudogenes
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a non-functional copy of a gene
ancestral gene that is no longer functioning |
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p arm
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short arm of a chromosome
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q arm
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long arm of a chromosome
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telomere
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region at either end of a chromosome
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centromere
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the region at which chromatids are bound to one another during cell replication
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mitochondrial DNA
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small, circular genome of the mitochondrion organelle. passed on maternally. composition very gene heavy. physically resembles bacterial genome.
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locus
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location on a chromosome used to compare alleles
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allele
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indicator that you have variation; variant at a locus
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mutation
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ultimate source of novel variation. concieved of as happening at random with some probability
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crossing over
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tangling to chromosomes during meiosis and results in exchange of genetic material between chromosomes
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recombination
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sometimes happens when chromosomes cross over. can result in novel combinations of alleles on a chromosome.
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gene conversion
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dna from one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome in a non-reciprocal manner
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effects on mutations
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not all bad. some are beneficial. most neutral.
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mitosys
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regular, sematic cells
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meiosis
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gametes
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phenotype
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any measurable property of an organism
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understanding variation is critical for:
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- understanding predisposition for disease
- normal variation - evolution |
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discrete phenotypes
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comes in categories
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continuous phenotypes
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varies without natural incremements
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genotype
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the combination of alleles at a locus or set of loci
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homozygous
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AA, aa
two like alleles |
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heterozygous
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Aa
two different alleles |
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law of independent assortment
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segregation of one chromosome does not affect segregation of another chromosome
loci independent |
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law of segregation
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gametes contain only one copy or either allele from a parent
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dominant
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only one copy need be present for a particular phenotype to be expressed
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recessive
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two copies must be present for a particular phenotype to be expressed
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random
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outcomes follow no deterministic pattern but instead conform to a probability distribution
DOES NOT MEAN CAUSELESS |
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AND rule of probability
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the prob. that independent events A and B will occur togeher is
probA * probB |
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OR rule of probability
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the prob. that either of two mutually exclusive events A or B will occur is
probA + probB |
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hardy-weinberg equilibrium
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predicts frequencies of genotypes
simplest case conditions: random mating, no evolution |
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"no evolution" means...
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no natural selection, no genetic drift, no mutation, no gene flow
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additive genetic variance
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quantity that allows us to explain why relatives of different degrees resemble one another for genetic reasons
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heritability
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proportion of phenotypic variance made up by additive genetic variance
h^2 = Va / Vp |
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flynn effect
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restandardization of cognitive tests show an improvement of people's scores over time
likely due to environmental differences |
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jensen's fallacy
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because differences within groups have a partial genetic basis, differences between groups must have a partial genetic basis
WRONG. heritability is only calculated w/in populations, has little to no info about group differences |
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linkage analysis
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used to check for variation within the genome and correlate with different phenotypic outcomes - plotting correlation between variation in genome and phenotype
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evolution
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change in allele frequencies over time
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why use it to study human behavior?
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systemic framework for evaluating human uniqueness, on one hand, and the commonalities that we share with other animals
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ancient/medieval views of life
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diversity due to special creation
spontaneous generation young earth catastrophism |
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view on evolutionary dynamics in 18th century
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inheritance of acquired characteristics/"Lamarkism"
teleological evolution natural selection |
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analogy
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characteristics that have a similar function/appearance but are not necessarily made up of the same elements of anatomy/physiology
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homology
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similarities between organisms due to shared ancestry
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argument behind evolution by natural selection
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- heritable variation: individuals differ in a given trait for genetic reasons
- correlation bewteen fitness and a trait: an organism's propensity to live and reproduce is influenced by its phenotype -differential survival and reproductive success lead to over-representation of some variations in subsequent generations |
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heritable variation
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individuals differ in a given trait for genetic reasons
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4 forces of evolution
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natural selection, gene flow, random genetic drift, mutation
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2 senses of adaptation
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feature of an organism that solves a life problem that evolved by natural selection driven by that problem
process of a trait evolving by natural selection that fits it to a particular environment |
