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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anthropology definition
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the study of humankind in all times and places ; the totality of the human experience
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differences of anthropology from other social sciences
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1. usually study other cultures
2. reduce ethnocentrism 3. field work 4. comparative discipline 5. holistic |
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archaelogy
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study of human cultures through the recovery, analysis, and interpretation of material culture from past civilizations; cultural anthropology of the human past
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historic archaeology
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after written records
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prehistoric archaeology
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before written records
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linguistic anthropology
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study of language
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examples of linguistic anthropology
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1. historical linguistics
2. descriptive linguistics (grammar/syntax) 3. socio-linguistics (use in society) |
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cultural anthropology
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study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought and feelings; describes analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences
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examples of cultural anthropology
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ethnography (ethnology), medical anthropology, urban anthropology
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biological anthropology
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systematic study of humans as biological organisms
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examples of biological anthropology
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paleoanthropology, primatology, osteology, bioarchaelogy, forenic anthropology
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paleoanthropology
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study of our fossil ancestors
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primatology
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study of primate behavior and biology
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osteology
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study of skeletal biology
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common theme of applied anthropology
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scientific knowledge
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hypothesis testing
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1. observation
2. hypothesis formation 3. test the hypothesis 4. reject the hypothesis or fail to reject the hypothesis |
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theory
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a hypothesis or series of related hypotheses that have been repeatedly tested and have not been rejected
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2 crucial features of theories
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1. falsifiable
2. cannot be proven - either rejected or fail to be rejected |
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taxonomy
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science of classifying (or grouping) organisms
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The Great Chain of Being author
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Aristotle
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Systema Naturae
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- Carolus Linnaeus
- groups humans with primates |
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how animals are classified
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by similarities in body structure and function, growth, genetics, behavior
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species
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an interbreeding group of animals with viable offspring
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genus
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a group of like-species
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homologies
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structures that have a similar morphology due to common ancestry, but different functions
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analogies
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structures that have a similar function but are not related
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evolution definition
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a change in the allele frequency in a population over generations
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natural selection
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1. overproduction of offspring, limited resources
2. variation exists within all poplulations 3. some variations are more helpful, help organism survive, pass on to offspring, abundant in that specific environment |
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scientists of evolution
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darwin, alfred russel wallace
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heredity
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gregor mendel, pea plant experiemnt.
revealed: 1. how traits are passed to offspring 2. how variation emerges |
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2 major roles of DNA
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1. protein synthesis
2. cellular division |
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DNA structure
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double helix with base pairs attached
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4 base pairs
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adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
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chromosomes
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tightly woven DNA; humans after 46
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genes
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segments of DNA that code for a specific pattern and are the units of inheritance
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genotype
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combined alleles for a trait Bb BB bb
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phenotype
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physical expression of that trait
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mitosis (most cells)
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1 division, 2 identical daughter cells
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meiosis (sex cells)
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2 divisions, 4 non-identical cells
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Law of Segregation
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- paired alleles separate during meiosis
- only receive 1 allele per parent for a trait |
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Law of Independent assortment
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the inheritance of 1 pair of alleles, does NOT influence the inheritance of another
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populations
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groups of similar individuals who interbreed
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gene pool
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the alleles possessed by members of a given population
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evolutionary forces
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- gene pool
- mutation - genetic drift - gene flow |
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mutation
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- only true source for new genetic variation
- changes in the genetic structure - evolutionarily important only in sex cells |
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gene flow
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a mixture between 2 or more populations (eg migration)
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genetic drift
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random change of allele frequencies within 1 population
(small population sizes, Founder effect) |
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relevance of evolution
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medical science (antibiotic resistant diseases), agriculture (edible food), animal domestication
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Living Primates characteristics
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1. generalized dentition
2. decrease olfaction 3. increase infant dependency 4. high social complexity 5. most diurnal 5. arboreal anatomy 6. 5-digits 7. steroscopic/binocular vision (depth perception) 8. large brains 9. nails (not claws) |
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strepsirhini example
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lemurs, lorises
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haplorhini example
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tarsiers, monkeys, apes
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platyrrhini example
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new world monkeys (Americas)
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catarrhini
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old world monkeys and apes (Asia, Africa, Europe)
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cercopithecoids example
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Old world monkeys
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Hominoids example
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apes and humans
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Strepsirhini characteristics
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1. higher reliance on olfaction
2. most noctural 3. smaller body and brain size 4. dental combs: front teeth for grooming |
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Platyrrhini characteristics
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1. live in south and central america tropical forests
2. prehensile tails (some) 3. arboreal quadrapeds 4. tails have fingerprints that allow them to grip 5. most diurnal |
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Cercopithecoids characteristics
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1. Africa and Asia
2. either arboreal or terrestrial quadrapeds 3. non-prehensile tails! 4. bigger bodies and brains 5. most diurnal 6. 2 premolars |
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Hominoids (Apes) characteristics
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1. Africa and Asia
2. NO TAILS! 3. largest bodies/brains 4. most complex behavior 5. high infant dependency 6. all diurnal |
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Hominoid Locomotion
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- built for suspension
- knuckle-walking (chimps, bonobos, gorillas) |
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Primate Behavior depends on
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- body size
- diet - predation - dispersal patterns - diurnal vs. nocturnal - reproductive strategies |
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natal group
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group born into
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group size affected by
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DIET
eg insect eaters = solitary (tarsiers) eg leaf eaters = large #s (gorillas) |
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home range
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area usually used by a group
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dominance hierarchies
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social ranking system that may result in more access to food and mating partners. depend on: sex, age, aggression, time spent w/ group, parent's rank
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types of bonding in living primates
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1. social grooming
2. sexual intercourse (bonobos) 3. juvenile play (socialization) |
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communication of living primates
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- facial expressions
- vocalization - gestures |
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estrus
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period of reproductive cycle when females ovulate (receptive and can conceive)
evident by: visual, olfactory, behavioral |
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Chimpanzee Model
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- tool use
- hunting and food sharing - warfare - medicine (parasite removal) - empathy |
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Bonobo Model
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- sexual tendencies
- less aggressive w/ more female bonding - extensive food sharing - genetically removed and true nature |