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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What joint moves primarily in through translation?
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scapulea
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The biceps brachii pulling on the radius to do elbow flexion is an example of what type of movement?
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active movement
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What plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts?
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horizantal
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abduction occurs around which axis of rotation?
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anteroposterior
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which of the following joints has 2 degrees of freedom?
wrist shoulder hip elbow |
wrist
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name a joint of the body that represents a hinge joint - how many degrees of freedom does it have?
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Elbow - 1
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name a joint in the body that represents a pivot joint - how many degrees of freedom does it have?
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proximal and distal radioulnar - 1
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name a joint in the body that represents a ellipsoid joint - how many degrees of freedom does it have?
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radiocarpal (wrist) - 2
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name a joint in the body that represents a ball and socket joint - how many degrees of freedom?
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shoulder and hip - 3
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name a joint in the body that represents a plane joint -how many degrees of freedom does it have?
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joints between proximal carpal bones; sacraoiliac - 1
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name a joint in the body that represents a saddle joint and how many degrees of freedom does it have?
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carpometacarpal of thumb - 2-3
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name a joint in the body that represents a bicondylar joint - how many degrees of freedom does it have?
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knee - 2
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describe a close-packed position
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there is maximal contact between articular surfaces
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name the 5 type of musculoskeletal forces
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1) tension - pulling force
2)compression - pushing force 3)bending - combines tension and compression 4)shear - forces act in parallel but opposite directions 5)torsion - twisting force |
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give an example of a distal on proximal movement
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kicking a ball
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give an example of proximal on distal movement
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sitting up
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name the tree fundamental movements that occur between convex and concave joint surfaces
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rolling, sliding and spinning
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what is the mechanical advantage of a class II lever?
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greater than one
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a muscle lengthening during a long, evenly loaded stretch is an example of what?
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creep
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what is a rate of loading?
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how fast do I stretch the tissue - viscoelastic tissues become stiffer as the rate of loading increases. protects the underlying bone
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on the stress-strain curve, define stress
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the amount of tension in a ligament - internal foce generated to resist deformation divided by it cross sectional area
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on the stress-strain curve, define strain
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how much the tissues actually deforms relative to its original length - how much a ligament can stretch
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on the stress-strain curve, define stiffness
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ratio of stress to strain - stiffer tissues do not have to be stretched as much to produce the same amount of tension - thicker ligament stretch less then thin legaments
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on the stress-strain curve what is the elastic zone?
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amount of stretch a legaments does during normal activities - the tissue returns to its normal length
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on the stress-strain curve what is the plastic zone?
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abnormally large stretch and begins to microscopically break down. - danger zone.
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immediately following a power stroke, what must bind to the myosin heads before they release from actin?
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ATP
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What is a sarcomere?
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the basic contractile unit of the myofibril - the region between z-lines.
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What are found within the myofibril?
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microfilaments
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name the three type of microfilmanets
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thick
thin troponin-toponmyosin complex |
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what are thick filament?
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they are molecular motors made up of myosin tails and myosin heads
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what are thin filaments?
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binding sites for molecular motors made up of actin molecules and molecular binding sites
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what are troponin-tropomyosin complex
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covers binding sites on actin
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name one advantage and one disadvantage of having pennations in mucle
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adv - muscle strength
disadv - decreased ROM |
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what is an anatomical cross section of a muscle
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measures the cross sectional mass of a muscle and describes physical size of a muscle
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what is a physiological cross section of a muscle?
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measure perpendicular to all of the fiber orientations within a muscle and describes the strength of a muscle
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what is a strap muscle?
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length is greater than the width, muscle fibers are few in number and tend to have alot of range of motion. example sartorius and gracilis
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what is a fusiform muscle?
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fibers run approximately parallel. typically have a rounded belly and narrowed tendons. this allows us to have a decent muscle that can attach to a small bony landmark. example - biceps brachii
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what is a unipennate muscle?
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short oblique fibers arise from one side of a central tendon. penna means feather. strong, less ROM examples - most antebrachial muscles
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what is a bipennate muscle?
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short, obique fibers arise from both sides of a central tendon. example - rectus remoris
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what is a multipennate muscle?
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complex branching form of the bipennate type. example: deltoid and gluteus medius
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what is the purpose of different archeitectures of muscles?
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depending on either increase strength or ROM.
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what is the corpus collosom?
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allows communication between both sides of the brain
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frontal lobe
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initiates voluntary skeletal muscle activity and analyzes sensory information, provides responses related to personality, memory judgment, planning and communication
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parietal lobe
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sometesthetic communication (our awareness of our own body), cutaneous and muscular sensations, understanding speech, form words to express thoughts and emotion interprets textures and shapes
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occipital lobe
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interpretation of movements that focus on the eye, correlation of visual images with previous experience and other stimuli and conscious perceptions of vision
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temporal lobe
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integration of auditory sensation, storage of auditory and visual experiences.
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motor cortex
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THE POSTERIOR MOST GYRUS OF THE FONTAL LOBE. THIS IS WHERE ALL UPPER MOTOR NEURON CELL BODIES ARE LOCATRED
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somatotopy
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body map located within the motor cortex.
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where are the cell bodies of the lower MOTOR neurons located?
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ventral horn
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what is it called when motor units work in shifts?
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synchronous recruitment
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where do synapses occur?
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gray matter
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motor neurons travel from the motor cortex to spinal cord in which tract?
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corticospinal
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which neurons connect directly to muscle cells?
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lower motor neurons
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which term means body map on the motor cortex?
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somatotophy
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which part of the brain is responsible for corrdinating motor output?
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cerebullum
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a simple reflex arc includes which two components?
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sensory neuron and lower motor neuron
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what is the nurotransmitter that binds to receptor sites on the sarcolemma to initiate an action potentail along the sarcolemma
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acetylcholine
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through what does the upper neuron axons travel together in common descending pathway to the spinal cord?
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corticospinal tract located in the white matter - upper motor neuron cell body's are located in the motor cortex and their axons move down through this tract.
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how do the upper motor neuron axons exit the coritcospinal tract at the associated region to synapse with the lower motor neuron?
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through the spinal cord
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Where are the lower motor neuron cell bodies located?
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VENTRAL HORN - the anterior part of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
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the axons of the lower motor neurons travel through spinal nerves to muscle cells for what purpose?
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simulate the muscle cells to generate tension.
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what are reflexes
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movements that do not require input from the brain. it happens in the spinal cord
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are sensory neurons affereant or efferent?
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afferant
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are motor neurons afferent or efferent?
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efferent
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what are processing neurons?
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neurons only located in the cns
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What is synchronous recruitment?
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adding more motor units until you can lift the load
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where is calcium stored within a muscle cell when it is at rest?
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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the nuclear bag and nuclear chain muscle cells are examples of which type of muscle cell?
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intrafusal
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as the electrical energy moves down the sarcolemma, what structure does it use to travel deep into the muscle cell?
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t-tubules
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Which structure senses tension within a muscle tendon?
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golgi tendon organ
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what reflex deactivates contracting muscles to reduce the tension?
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Golgi tendon
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which intrafusal muscle fiber monitors static length of a muscle?
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nuclear bag fibers
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what neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
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acetylcholine
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when a stretch reflex is activated within a muscle, what does the antagonist muscle do?
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relax
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what monitors the length of a muscle during rest and movements as well as speed of stretch or contraction?
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muscle spindle
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which intrafusal muscle fiber detects the the velocity of length change?
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nuclear chain fiber
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what detects a intrafusal fiber shape change and sends info to the CNS?
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sensory neurons
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what is a muscle spindle reflex?
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a stretched muscle will contract to prevent damage from excessive stretch. antagonist muscle are deactivated
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what detects tension in tendon?
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golgi tendon organ
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what is a golgi tendon reflex?
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when tension is a tendon nears the point of damage, the muscle is deactivated to alleviate the tension. antagonist muscles are activated
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which ligament anchors the dens to the atlas?
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cruciform ligament
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which part of the vertebra is missing on the atlas?
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body
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which ligament is a continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the atlanto-axial region?
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anterior atlanto occipital membrane
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which cervical ligament is a continuation off the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments?
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ligamentum nuchae
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which curve is located in the cervical region?
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lordotic
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which of the following limits flexion of the neck?
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ligamentum nuchae
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what is the ROM for flexion of the neck?
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53 degrees
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what is the range of motion for hyperextension of the neck?
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80 degrees
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the superior articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae face which direction?
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posterior
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which action is the atlanto-occipital joint specialized for?
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flexion-extension
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what is the landmark of the cervical vertebrae?
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transverse foramen
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what is the landmark of the thoracic vertebrae?
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transverse costal facet - place where the the tubicale of the rib articulates
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what is the landmark of the lumbar vertebrae?
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Mammillary and accessory process' place for muscles to attach to.
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what is the tough outer ring of the intervertebral discs?
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annulus fibrosis
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what is the gelatinous mucoid tissue in the center?
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nucleus pulposis
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what is the primary function of the atlas?
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support the head
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what is the tooth like projection on the axis (c2)?
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dens
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what is the bicondylar joint formed by the occiput and the atlas?
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atlanto-occipital joint
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what does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?
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independent movement of the head - yes/no pattern
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what is the median atlantoaxial joint?
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pivot joint formed by the anterior surface of the dens and the posterior surface of the anterior arch of the atlas
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what is the lateral atlantoaxial joint?
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plant joints formed by the inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior articular facets of the axis.
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the median and lateral atlantoaxial joint do what?
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40 - 45 degrees of rotation
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what degrees of movement do the intercervical joints (C2-C7) have?
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35 degrees of flexion-extension
70 degrees of hyperextension 45 degrees of rotation 35 degrees of lateral flexion |
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what three bones are part of the should complex?
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humerus
scapula clavicle |
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how many degrees of freedom does the sternoclavicular joint have?
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3
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why is the scapulothoracic joint not considered a true joint/
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because it attches bone to muscle
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which muscle would eccentrically flex the neck ?
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splenius capitis
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what are the two landmarks in the lumbar region that represent the "true transverse processes"
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accessory process
mamillary process |
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the intertransversarii, interspinales, rotators and levatores costarum muscles probably perform what function?
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proprioception
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what type of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces within the sternoclavicular joint?
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fibrocartlage
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the deepest ligament within a joint is always which one?
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capsular ligament/fibrous membrane
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what will restrict the extension of the neck?
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there are no restrictions
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Where is the thoracolumbar hinge?
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T12 - the superior articular facets of T12 face posterior, the inferior articular facets face lateral. this allow for greater mobility.
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what is the range of motion for lateral rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
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65 degrees
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elevation of the scapulothoracic is a compination of which two actions?
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elevation of the sternoclavicular joint and downward rotation of the aromioclavicular joint
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which muscle does eccentric downward rotation fo the scapulothoracic joint?
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trapezius
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which muscle is the initiator of abduction of the glenohumeral joint?
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supraspinatus
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explain the scapulohumeral rhythm
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ratio - for every 2 degrees the humerus moves the scaula moves 1 degree
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what is the ROM of up rotation of the scapulothoracic joint?
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60
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what is the range of motion of hyperextension of the glenohumerl joint?
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50
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how many degrees of freedom does the glenohumerl joint have?
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3
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what are the restriction to movement for extension of the glenohumeral joint?
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there are none
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what is the function of the glenoid labrum?
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makes a deeper socket for the humorus head.
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what is the pectorial girdle?
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subset of the shoulder complex and made up of the clavicle and scapula.
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what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
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saddle
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why is it covered with fibrocartlage instead of hyaline cartlage?
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shock absorbtion
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what is the scapulothoracic joint?
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not an actual joint, but rather a description given to the interface between the anterior surface of the scapula and the posterior and lateral surface of the thorax/ribcage. the movements of this "joint" are acctually an amalgamation of movements from the SC and AC joint.
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what is the prime mover for upward or lateral rotation of the scapulothoracic joint?
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serratus anterior
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what is the prime mover for downward or medial rotation of the scapulothoracic joint?
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trapezius and serratus anterior
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what is the prime mover for protraction (abduction) of the scapulothoracic joint?
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serratus anterior
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what is the prime mover for retraction or adduction of the scapulothoracic joint?
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trapezius
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what is the prime mover for elevation of the scapulothoracic joint?
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trapezius
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what is the prime mover for depression of the scapulothoracic joint?
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levator scapulae
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what is the shoulder joint called?
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glenohumeral joint
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what degrees of movement does the glenohumeral joint do?
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120 degrees of flexion/extension
180 degrees of flexion/extension with upward rotation of the scapulothoracic joint. 45 - 55 degrees hyperextension 90-120 abduction/adduction 75 - 85 degrees medial internal rotation 60-70 lateral (external) rotation |
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what is the prime mover for flexion of the glenohumeral joint?
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pectoralis major
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what is the prime mover for extension of the glenohumeral joint?
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posterior deltoid
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what is the prime mover for hyperextension of the glenohumeral joint?
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posterior deltoid
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what is the prime mover for abduction of the glenohumeral joint?
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supraspinatus
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what is the prime mover for adduction of the glenohumeral joint?
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latissimus dorsi
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what is the prime mover for medail or internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
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Latissimus dorsi
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what is the interosseous membrane?
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thin sheet of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that runs distomedially between most of the length of the radius and ulna connecting the two bones together.
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anterior tip of the sacrum relative to the os coxa is what?
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nutation
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what action does the rectus abdominis do at the sacroiliac joint?
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nutation
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what is the range of motion of hip hyperextenstion with knee flexed?
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0
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which nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle?
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long thoracic
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which structure makes up the lateral border of the quadrangular space?
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humerus
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which nerve passes through the muscle belly of the coracorbrachialis?
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musculocutaneous
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if a client lost all extension of the upper limb, what nerve would be affected?
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radial
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