Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anatomy |
structural organization of living things |
|
|
Physiology |
how the body works/moves or it's function |
|
|
superior |
closer to head |
|
|
inferior |
closer to feet |
|
|
anterior (ventral) |
toward front |
|
|
posterior (dorsal) |
toward back |
|
|
medial |
toward midline |
|
|
lateral |
away from midline |
|
|
proximal |
closer to root of limb/ closer to joint |
|
|
distal |
farther from joint/root of limb |
|
|
superficial |
closer to surface |
|
|
deep |
further from surface |
|
|
ipsilateral |
same side |
|
|
contralateral |
opposite sides |
|
|
transverse/horizontal plane |
divides body into top and bottom (superior and inferior) |
|
|
sagittal/medial plane |
divides body into left and right |
|
|
frontal/coronal plane |
divides body into back and front (anterior and posterior) |
|
|
centre of gravity |
where planes intersect |
|
|
anatomical axes |
describe how rotation of bones and muscles take place |
|
|
horizontal/bilateral axis |
involves movement along sagittal plane, e.g walking or squatting |
|
|
longitudinal/polar axis |
involves movement along transverse plane, any rotation e.g side bend, swing |
|
|
antero-posterior axis |
involves frontal/coronal plane e.g abduction or adduction (throwing) |
|
|
flexion |
bending so joint angle decreases (hand to arm) |
|
|
extension |
bending so joint angle increases (straightening) |
|
|
abduction |
moving body segment away from body |
|
|
adduction |
moving body segment toward body |
|
|
supination |
wrist faces forward |
|
|
pronation |
wrist faces down (palm down) |
|
|
plantar flexion |
when toes pointed |
|
|
dorsiflexion |
toes to shin |
|
|
inversion |
standing on outer edge of foot |
|
|
eversion |
standing on inner edge of foot |
|
|
external rotation |
rotation away from midline |
|
|
internal rotation |
rotate toward midline |
|
|
circumduction |
combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (CONICAL, in cone shape) |
|
|
elevation |
superior directional movement |
|
|
depression |
inferior directed movement |
|
|
protraction |
moving anteriorly (forward) |
|
|
retraction |
moving in posterior direction (backwards) |
|
|
opposition |
when thumb touches finger |
|
|
reposition |
when thumb is resting |
|
|
Hyperextension |
Extension beyond anatomical |
|
|
Radius |
Rotates wrist (causes supination and pronation) |
|
|
BMI calculation |
k/m2 |
|
|
what BMI is overweight |
over 25 |
|
|
BMI is obese |
over 30 |
|
|
what is epidemiology |
study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease in defined populations |
|
|
physical literacy barriers |
environmental, socioeconomic, cultural, personal and psychological |
|
|
what is ossification and what is another term for it? |
process by which new bone is made, also called osteogenisis |
|
|
osteoclasts |
use enzymes and acids to destroy old bone cells |
|
|
osteoblasts |
deposit new tissue |
|
|
osteocytes |
mature bone cells |
|
|
synostosis |
when distal interphalangeal joint of little toe fuses |
|
|
three types of joints classified by structure (and an example) |
fibrous joints-skull cartilaginous joints-vertebra synovial joints-hip |
|
|
three types of joints classified by movement |
synarthrosis- no movement, skull amphiarthrosis- some movement, spine diarthrosis- lots of movement, shoulder |
|
|
three common types of fractures |
simple- not through skin compound- through skin communuted- shattered |
|
|
what is a stress fracture and what are the causes INCLUDE SIGNS |
when bone cracks, when muscle becomes fatigued and puts load onto bone rapid increase in activity signs: pulsing nerve, red skin |
|
|
osteoporosis |
density and strength of your bone decreases, can occur at any age, bones are very porous |
|
|
six types of synovial joints and an example |
ball and socket- shoulder or hip hinge- humeral radial (elbow) pivot- vertebra ellipsoid- radio carpal (wrist) gliding- intercarpal saddle- thumb carpo-metacarpal |
|
|
six synovial joints: uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial? |
uniaxial: hinge, pivot biaxial: ellipsoid, saddle, giliding multiaxial: ball and socket |
|
|
joints of the pectoral girdle and their types |
sterno-clavicular: saddle acromioclavicular: gliding glenohumeral: ball and socket |
|
|
what are the two joints that connect appendicular to axial? |
sternoclavicular and sacroiliac |
|
|
elbow joints and type |
humeral ulnar: hinge humeral radial: hinge radio-ulnar: PROXIMAL AND DISTAL, both pivot |
|
|
Wrist joints and types |
radiocarpal: ellipsoid intercarpal: gliding carpometacarpal: ellipsoid *thumb is saddle metacarpophalangeal: ellipsoid *thumb is minimal hinge interphalangeal: hinge |
|
|
joints of pelvic girdle and types |
hip: ball and socket symphysis pubis: fibrocartilaginous sacroilliac: fibrous and synovial |
|
|
which two joints open during pregnancy |
sacroiliac and symphysis pubis |
|
|
what type of joint is the knee joint and what is its real name |
modified ellipsoid/ atypical hinge, tibiofemoral joint |
|
|
what type of joint is the ankle and what is its real name |
talocrural, mortise and tendon joint |
|
|
foot and toe joints and types |
transverse tarsal joints: bw distal and proximal row tarsometatarsal: metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal |
|
|
tendonitis and symptoms |
inflammation of tendons, symptoms: pain, tenderness, stiffness, swelling, numbness |
|
|
myositis ossification |
when athletes have severe contusions (bruising) causing bone to develop in muscle |
|
|
common knee injury |
torn cartilage of meniscus, caused by force twisting |
|
|
shin splints vs stress fracture |
shin splints: pain along side of tibia, tearing of periosteum of tibia, NO cortical bone disruption stress fracture: small disruption of bone, caused by repeated low magnitude forces |
|
|
Tennis elbow proper term, what it effects and contributing factors |
lateral epicondylitis, affects forearm EXTENSORS, caused by excessive forearm pronation and wrist flexion |
|
|
golfers/little league elbow proper term, what it effects and causes |
medial epicondylitis, affects tendons of forearm flexors, caused by wrist extension |
|
|
jumpers knee proper term and causes |
patellar tendonitis, caused by repetitive eccentric knee actions |
|
|
dislocations vs separations |
dislocation: when bone is displaced separation: ligaments are torn |
|
|
common shoulder injuries (4) and causes |
bicep tendonitis- overuse of bicep brachii shoulder dislocation- humerus pops out of glenoid fossa shoulder seperation- acromioclavicular ligament is torn rotator cuff tears: injury to one of rotator cuff tendons |
|
|
what are the rotator cuff tendons |
infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, teves minor |
|
|
strains vs sprains |
strain- tendon or muscle torn sprain- ligament or joint capsule stretched or torn |
|
|
3 degrees of muscle strains |
1- least severe, few days to recover. muscle stretched/pulled 2- few weeks to recover, 1/2 of muscle is torn 3-complete tear of muscle, months to recover and rehab |
|
|
3 degrees of ligament damage (sprains) |
1- minor tearing of ligament, swelling, few days 2-50% torn of 1+ ligaments, swelling and pain 3- full rupture of ligament, sever pain followed by no pain because of swelling |
|
|
potts fracture |
most severe eversion ankle sprain, because it involves the deltoid ligament (which is super strong) the ligament actually breaks the tib and fib muscles too |
|
|
Q angle and joint injuries |
q angle- if large then predisposition to have joint problems (therefore more common in women) |
|
|
patellofemoral syndrome |
anterior knee pain/ patella pain, due to increased forces between knee cap and femur, aggravated by running etc. |
|
|
osgoode schlatter |
effects growth plate of tibial tuberosity, doesn't stop growth just causes pain when exercising |
|
|
how to identify an injury |
s- swelling of infected area
h-heat or rise in temp in area a-altered joint r-redness p-pain |
|
|
how to treat injuries (3 phases) |
inflammaory response: phase 1 p-pressure- i-ice e-elevation- r-rest and restrict fibroplastic repair: phase 2 collagen fibres deposited by fibroblasts, scars form... be sure to exercise, massage, tape maturation-remodelling: phase 3 realigning of scar tissue..... stretch and strengthen, work on sport specific skills |
