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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology vs. Social Psychology |
Sociology: Study groups as a whole Social Psychology: concerned with individuals within social groups |
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Examples of social influence |
in the face of pressure from friends, Pat... thinks about whether to kiss Sam feels excited about the idea of kissing Sam kisses Sam |
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dependent variable |
The variable a researcher measuresto see if it is influenced by theindependent variable the researcherhypothesizes that the dependentvariable will depend on the level ofthe independent variable |
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independent variable |
The variable a researcher changesor varies (manipulates) to see if it has an effecton some other variable |
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Random assignment [to condition] |
A process ensuring that allparticipants have an equal chanceof taking part in any condition ofan experiment; through randomassignment, researchers can berelatively certain that differencesin the participants’ personalities orbackgrounds are distributed evenlyacross conditions |
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spurious correlation |
2 variables are correlated but only because both are influenced by some third variable, z |
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deterministic influence |
a always results in b |
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probabilistic influence |
a changes likelihood of b happening |
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schema |
ppl's set of assumptions & expectations about the social world Mental structures people use toorganize their knowledge aboutthe social world around themesor subjects and that influence theinformation people notice, thinkabout, and remember stereotypes: schemas about groups of ppl scripts: schemas about how events unfold (because...) |
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automatic thinking |
unconscious involuntary quick effortless unlimited capacity 4+2 |
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controlled thinking |
conscious voluntary slow effortful limited capacity 24*17 |
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confidence in our judgements |
ppl generally have more confidence than they should because they fail to consider points of view other than their own (we are cocky bastards that don't want to be wrong) |
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internal attribution |
attributing someone's behavior to something about the person *Stable– (e.g. personality) *Unstable– (e.g. temporary mood, drunkenness) |
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external attribution |
attributing someone's behavior to something about the situation e.g.: tripping on the sidewalk because you stepped into a crack in the sidewalk or you stepped on your untied shoelace |
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two-step process of attribution |
attributing people's behavior to their personality involves automatic cognitive processes (internal attribution) taking situations into account requires controlled cognitive processes |
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human nature |
Behavior is shaped by circumstances (i.e. situations) Situational factors can influence social behavior |
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2 Biggest Factors of social psychology |
1. Situations have profound effects on behavior 2. We fail to realize that |
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Fundamental Attribution Error (correspondence bias) |
Our tendency to overestimate how much people's behavior is affected by their personality and underestimate the effect of the situation they're in |
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Why do we commit FAE (fund. attribution error) |
We are trying to understand the world as a scientist the reality is that: *unable to collect all evidence *unwilling to collect available evidence (costly, takes time) *neglect to weigh evidence we have correctly |
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hindsight bias |
our tendency to believe we knew it all along (some people are cursed with over-knowledge) textbook definition: The tendency for people toexaggerate, after knowing thatsomething occurred, how muchthey could have predicted it beforeit occurred |
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Social psychology |
Scientific study of how situations influence social behavior |
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Why should we be careful when relying solely upon reason to draw conclusions about why ppl do what they do? |
Reasoning only yields accurate conclusions if we start with accurate premises |
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Correlations study (method) |
technique whereby two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them is assessed (how much one can be predicted from the other) 3 logically possible underlying patterns |
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Experimental study (method) |
researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable 1 logically possible underlying pattern |
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why would someone might not choose to use their deliberative cognitive processes when confronted with a situation? |
*They're already thinking carefully about something else *Getting the correct answer isn't important to them *They think they can get the correct answer without thinking carefully |
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We can fairly successfully suppress unwanted thoughts... |
when we are not thinking carefully about other things |
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examples of attributions |
"She tripped because she's clumsy" (internal) "She tripped because there was a hidden crack in the sidewalk" (external) "She tripped because she was drunk" (external) |
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multiple determinism |
phenomena are influenced by many factors |
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fallacy |
failure in reasoning that makes a fallacy argument invalid |
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magic bullet fallacy |
mistakenly assuming that phenomena are influenced by a single factor |
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False dichotomy |
situation in which you are forced to choose between one of two options, despite the fact that there are many other options to choose from. e.g.: Misinterpreting a multiple answer question as a multiple choice question |
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Empiricism |
relying upon evidence as a source of knowledge 1. non-scientific, anecdotal 2. scientific |
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cherry-picked evidence |
anecdotal evidence selected because it supports your hypothesis |
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anecdotal evidence |
evidence gained from only a few cases |
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reverse influence |
2 variables are correlated not because a ➡ b, but because b ➡ a |
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paradox |
something that combines contradictory features e.g.: we have the ability to think, yet we often don't use those remarkable cognitive abilities |
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Mindlessness |
making decisions and taking action as if we aren't thinking |
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When do we volunteer to use controlled thinking? |
1. When we are able to think carefully (time pressure if a factor) 2. When we want to think carefully 3. When it is importance to us 4. When we know we need to think carefully |
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base-rate neglect |
ignoring base-rate info (i.e. probabilities) in favor of more vivid info |
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vividness |
What makes death by homicide more vivid than death by diabetes? |
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attribution |
Our explanations for people's behavior A description of the way in whichpeople explain the causes of theirown and other people’s behavior |
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Making attributions for other people's behavior |
It's challenging because other people's behavior is multiply determined How accurate are we? caveat: hard to assess, but we're generally pretty good |
