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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social _________ occurs when an individual is working alone in the presence of others.
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Facilitation
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Social _______ occurs when people are working together towards a common goal.
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Loafing
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Social facilitation leads to increased performance of which types of tasks?
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Simple, well-learned
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What type of task would lead to decreased performance, if social facilitation is at work?
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Complex, novel
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In a group, does each individual contribute more or less?
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Less (loafing)
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Triplett's original theory of social facilitation stated what?
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In the presence of others, performance is always improved.
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What was the flaw in Triplett's original social facilitation theory?
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Performance is sometimes worse in the presence of others.
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What did Triplett's experiment with children and fishing reels demonstrate?
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The presence of others can enhance performance.
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What observation prompted Triplett to conduct his experiments?
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Cyclists had better race times when competing against others
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An audience facilitates one's ________ response for a task.
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Dominant
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According to Zajonc, why does being around others change our performance on an individual task?
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It increases arousal
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What is a dominant response?
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The response you would have had to an event, without external influences.
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_______ is due to the mere presence of others.
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Arousal
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If arousal is at a(n) _______ level, then performance will be optimal.
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Optimal
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True or False: Optimal arousal is the same for every task.
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False
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Adam is giving a piano recital. He has practised the piece dozens of times, and knows it well. How will his performance be altered by his audience?
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It will be improved; it is a well-learned task
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Sophia is about perform in a dance competition. She often gets nervous on stage (dominant response), though she practices very hard. What is her likely response going to be?
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Poor performance
=> Even though she practices, her stage fright makes her dominant response to do worse, so the extra arousal will make her freeze up. |
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True or False: Any person will cause an increase in arousal, even if they are blindfolded, deafened, or are not attending to you.
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True.
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Explain why the social facilitation theory makes sense from an evolutionary perspective.
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Any other individual around you could be a possible predator, so increased performance due to arousal could help you stay alive.
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What did the pool hall quasi field experiment demonstrate?
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An audience brings out the dominant response in a person's performance.
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When someone was watching them play, the good pool players got _______ to/from optimal arousal and the bad players got ________ to/from optimal arousal.
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Closer to
Further from |
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Define the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
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Performance is a function of arousal level.
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In the modified Yerkes-Dodson Law, ________ arousal for a task differs according to task ________.
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Optimal
Difficulty |
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What two other theories are associated with Mere Presence and Social Facilitation?
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Evaluation Apprehension
Distraction |
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Define "evaluation apprehension".
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The thought of someone evaluating your performance, which distracts you and upsets you.
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When working alone but in a social situation, _________ changes depending on one's _________ response.
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Performance
Dominant |
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When coming up with an explanation, what does Occam's Razor suggest that you do?
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Take the simplest available explanation
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What concept did Ringelmann the agriculturalist discover in the 1880's?
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Social Loafing
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Describe Triplett's results in the fishing reel experiment.
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Children reeled faster when competing against other children, than if they were alone.
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Describe Ringelmann's observations of the tests he conducted on his workers.
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When alone, each man could pull 50lbs more than when he was in a group.
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What did Ringelmann attribute decreased group performance to? What is the more likely explanation?
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Reduced co-ordination
Loss of motivation is more likely |
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What did Ingham et al.'s tug-of-war experiment demonstrate?
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Motivation decreases as group size increases.
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As the number of confederates "pulling" behind the subject increased in the tug-of-war experiment, the strength of the subject ________ in a _________ fashion.
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Decreased
Stepwise |
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A blue chick will ______ loaf. A yellow chick will ______ loaf.
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Never
Sometimes |
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People loaf because they're not worried about their performance being ________.
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Evaluated
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Are males more or less likely to loaf, compared to women?
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More likely to loaf
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What three factors influence whether individuals will loaf?
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Group make-up
Task importance Culture |
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Is a person more likely to loaf around strangers or friends?
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Strangers, you don't care about them
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Is a Japanese person more or less likely to loaf than an American person?
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Less likely to loaf
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People who _____ _____ will usually loaf.
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Don't care, are apathetic
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True or False: Collectivist cultures usually loaf in groups.
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False.
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Men are less likely to loaf when there is a(n) __________ _______ in their group.
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Attractive woman
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What does "diffusion of evaluation" mean?
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It refers to the group being evaluated as a whole, and the efforts of each individual diffusing into one
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What did Williams & Karan's experiment on Social Compensation demonstrate?
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In teamwork, if an individual knows that their team-mate is going to loaf, they will put in extra effort to compensate.
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Describe the results of Williams & Karan's experiment about the uses of butter knives.
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The subjects who knew that their team-mate was less than enthusiastic about the experiment managed to come up with significantly more uses for a butter knife than those who thought their team-mate was going to put effort in.
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Preferences survive only if they optimize ______ _______.
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Reproductive success
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In the butter knife experiment, subjects with a low-effort partner had _____ uses than the control, and those with a high-effort partner had _____ uses than the control.
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More
Less |
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Parental Investment Theory: ______ size is analogous of parental investment.
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Gamete
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Women are _____ and men are _______.
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Choosy
Opportunistic |
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Name three factors that contribute to higher cost of childbearing and rearing in women.
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-fewer, larger gametes
-must carry the fetus through gestation -childbirth may result in death -must provide for the child out of the womb |
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Why are women ultimately more choosy?
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Because it costs them so much more to have a child.
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What new technology/invention is changing the way both sexes approach copulation?
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Birth control
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Women pay attention to ____-term implications of mating, while men think about the _____-term.
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Long
Short |
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In ______ countries, single-parents homes are especially detrimental to offspring.
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less developed
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True or False: Women's choosiness is seen in every culture.
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True
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What did Clark & Hatfield's experiment involving random sexual propositions on a campus demonstrate?
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Men are more willing to do things that may lead to copulation than females are.
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What is "attractiveness"?
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The likelihood of reproductive success.
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What three things do women look for in a man?
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Resources
Protection Commitment |
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What two things do men look for in a woman?
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Good looks
Sexual faithfulness |
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When it comes to mating, men are complicated/uncomplicated, and women are complicated/uncomplicated.
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Uncomplicated
Complicated |
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Explain the "sexy sons" theory.
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Women choose the "good guy" for their social mate, but have sex with the sexy man to give their offspring better genes.
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Women are ____ willing to have sex with a stranger, men are _____ willing. Is this a behaviour or a preference?
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Less
More Preference |
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Men prefer women with smaller waists. What physiological event causes a woman's waist to get smaller?
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Ovulation
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The physical qualities that men prefer in women are the result of optimal ______ balance.
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Estrogen
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Feminine qualities in women are strong indicators of what?
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Her ability to get pregnant and carry children to term.
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Give two reasons why modern women prefer wealthy men.
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-resources help him take care of her
-resources were once indicative of a man's strength and quality |
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Why do women avoid choosing alpha males for long-term mating?
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They are in high demand, hard to hold on to them
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Most women are looking for a _____-term mate.
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Long
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What female preference is high social status associated with?
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Protection
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What is the best indicator of promiscuity after marriage?
(a) Attractiveness of mate (b) Promiscuity before marriage (c) Length of relationship (d) All of the above |
(b) Promiscuity before marriage
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What does the reward model say about mate preference?
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We want to mate with people who are rewarding to us and make us feel good
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What are the four factors that make a person more attractive?
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Propinquity
Familiarity Similarity Beauty |
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Define "propinquity".
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People near to us
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What did Moreland & Beech's experiment with women in a classroom demonstrate?
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The more often a person in encountered in daily life, the more attractive they appear to be.
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Describe the results of the random woman in a classroom experiment.
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The rated attractiveness of the woman increased according to how often she appeared in the class.
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What are the two factors that make a person unattractive?
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-upwards social comparison
-perfect people (out of your league) |
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What does Freud's incest taboo state?
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The people you grow up with are considered repulsive, due to likelihood of being related
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When we witness "perfect" people screwing up it makes them seem _____ attractive.
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More
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What did Aronson's trivia bowl experiment demonstrate?
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People who are too far out of our league are less attractive than those who seem more "human".
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Describe the results of Aronson's trivia bowl experiment.
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The competent person was always more attractive, but more so when they spilled coffee. The incompetent person was always less attractive, but less so when they spilled the coffee.
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The _______ effect shows why we find "perfect" people who make mistakes more attractive.
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Pratfall
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What factor of unattractiveness does the Pratfall Effect involve?
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Perfection
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Name the two factors in the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion.
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(1) Physiological arousal
(2) Attribution of the source of arousal |
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Name the two factors in the Two-Factor Theory of Love (or Lust).
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(1) Racing heart, etc.
(2) See an attractive person and believe you're in love. |
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What did Dutton & Aron's field experiments on the high bridge demonstrate?
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People with high arousal are more likely to feel attracted to someone.
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What measure did Dutton & Aron use for level of attraction in their high bridge experiment?
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Whether the individual called the research assistant after the experiment.
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True or False: Arousal will always make a person seem more attractive, no matter if they are ugly or attractive to begin with.
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False.
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What did White et al.'s experiment with the same girl with and without make-up demonstrate?
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When aroused, whatever the individual originally feels about someone is magnified. It may be attraction or repulsion.
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Describe the results of Dutton & Aron's high bridge experiment.
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The men who were on the bridge (high arousal) told the sexiest stories to women, and were most likely to call her back.
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What is the "closing time phenomenon"?
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As the night grows longer, men will find all of the women in a bar more attractive.
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Is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion thought to be conscious or unconscious?
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Unconscious
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What two things help us deduce our emotional state?
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Physiological arousal
Situation |
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What does excitation transfer lead to?
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Elevated aggression
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When unexplained physiological arousal is misattributed to irrelevant situational factors, _________ is created.
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False emotion
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Distinguish excitation transfer and displacement.
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Excitation transfer = arousal causes undeserved aggression towards someone
Displacement = cannot aggress in a certain situation, so you lash out at someone else |
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True or False: Arousal must be unexpected in order for a misattribution to be made.
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False.
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Why is attribution a useful strategy for us to employ? (2)
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Saves cognitive resources
We're usually right |
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What did the experiment with a fake vitamin and speed demonstrate?
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When people are aroused, they look to their surroundings for an explanation.
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What two things do attributions help us preserve?
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Self-esteem
Processing power |
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True or False: When unknowingly given speed, our reactions towards things are magnified.
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True.
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Dissonance theory is about the relationship between ________ and ___________.
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Attitudes
Behaviour |
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Behaviour can _______ and _______ attitudes.
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Predict
Change |
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Define "psychological inconsistency".
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When our behaviour is at odds with our beliefs
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Dissonance is uncomfortable, and drive us to engage in _______ ________.
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Dissonance Reduction (DR)
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What is the motivation for dissonance reduction?
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Self-esteem
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What is distortion? Why does it occur?
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Change in attitudes
Create consistency |
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Is distortion a conscious or unconscious event?
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Unconscious
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What is motivated reasoning bias? Why does it occur?
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Talking your way through your behaviour
Create consistency |
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You cannot have distortion without ________.
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Dissonance
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How do humiliating initiations create great loyalty in new recruits?
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The recruits have dissonance after initiation, and this distorts their liking for the group (they like it too much)
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What did Aronson & Mills' sex discussion experiment demonstrate?
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Dissonance resulting from an embarassing ordeal can result in an unconscious attitude change.
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What did Festinger & Carlsmith's experiment with paid liars demonstrate?
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Distortion is not the only dissonance reduction technique. If you get a reward for doing something you don't like, you can justify the action with the reward.
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Describe the results of Festinger & Carlsmith's experiment with paid liars.
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The people who were given $1 to lie experienced distortion of their attitudes due to dissonance. The people who were given $20 did not.
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What is Motivated Reasoning Bias?
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Emotion-biased decision-making and reasoning; your feelings cause you to make distortions.
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What two effects does psychological inconsistency have on an individual?
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Psychological discomfort
Physiological discomfort |
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According to Aronson, when do we feel psychological discomfort?
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When we are being stupid or sleazy
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Is dissonance reduction used as a primary technique or a last resort for self-esteem repair?
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Last resort
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According to Goffman, what are the three ways we can consciously repair our self-esteem?
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(1) Make excuses
(2) Make justifications (3) Focus on whether the behaviour caused harm |
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Give an example of justification for the sake of self-esteem repair that was discussed in class.
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I lied to someone, but I got paid $20. That's a good enough reason to lie.
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What is a counter-attitudinal essay?
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A persuasive essay that goes against your beliefs.
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After writing a(n) ___________, a person is likely to feel sleazy.
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Counter-attitudinal essay
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What did the experiment with the communist essays demonstrate?
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When individuals believe that they have chosen to do something they disagree with, and are not rewarded for it, they experience the greatest dissonance and distortion.
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Describe the results of the experiment with the communist essays.
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Those that chose to write against their beliefs are received a low reward had more positive attitudes towards keeping communists off campuses.
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Psychological discomfort revolves around a threat to our __________.
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Self-esteem
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In collectivist cultures, are the results the same for testing that involves intelligence as in individualistic cultures?
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No; they don't want to show up the next person
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When you take speed and experience dissonance, it _______ the discomfort that you feel.
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Magnifies
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What are the three components of social psychology?
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Affect
Behaviours Cognition |
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What is a quasi-experiment?
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An experiment in which subjects are not randomly assigned to the experimental group.
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Correlational studies focus on _________ between variables.
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Relationship
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What is a quasi-field-experiment?
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An experiment conducted in the field with no random assignment.
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A ________ experiment is conducted in the real world.
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Field
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Uncontrolled factors that may influence the results of an experiment are known as __________.
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Confounds
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Name the three types of conformity.
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Compliance
Identification Internalization |
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Conformity is the result of fear of __________.
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Consequences.
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We conform because we want to be _______ and we want to be _______.
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Liked
Correct |
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This type of pressure results from wanting to fit in with what is normal around you.
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Normative pressure
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This type of pressure results from uncertainty of how to act correctly.
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Informational pressure
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Behaviour that results from normative pressure tends to be short-term/long-term, but informational pressure results in short-term/long-term behaviour.
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Short-term
Long-term |
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Conformity is any action that is influenced by ________ interactions.
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Social
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In Asch's line experiment, ______ pressure was at work. This is because the situation was _________.
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Normative
Unambiguous |
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In Sherif's autokinetic effect experiment, ________ pressure was at work. This is because the situation was _________.
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Informational
Ambiguous |
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What is pluralistic ignorance?
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Everyone calmly assesses everyone else's reaction, and as a result, everyone misinterprets the situation.
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When there is a large group, _________ prevents people from acting to help the situation.
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Diffusion of responsibility
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Emergencies are ________ events.
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Ambiguous.
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What must we do to increase the likelihood of helping in emergencies?
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Reduce ambiguity
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What factors influenced obedience in Milgram's experiment? (3)
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Proximity to victim
Proximity to Experimenter Authority |
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When we see an emergency happening we tend to _______.
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Do nothing
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What two qualities in people can be used to acheive effective persuasion?
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Consistency
Reciprocation |
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What are the two steps involved in low-balling?
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(1) Secure a deal
(2) Change the terms of the deal |
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What are the two steps involved in the foot-in-the-door technique?
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(1) Ask for a small favour
(2) Ask for a large favour in the same vein |
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What are the two steps involved in the reciprocation technique of persuasion?
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(1) Do a favour for someone
(2) Ask for a favour in return |
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What are the two steps in the door-in-the-face technique?
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(1) Ask for a huge favour and get rejected.
(2) Immediately ask for a smaller favour. |
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Name the four components of a persuasive appeal.
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Source making the appeal
Medium through which the message is given. What does the message say? Target of the appeal. |
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What are the two components of source credibility?
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Expertise
Trustworthiness |
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The ______ effect is the dissociation between a message and its source.
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Sleeper Effect
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Why is distraction an effective technique in persuasion?
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Prevents you from forming counter-arguments
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We use ______ processing when we don't care and ________ processing when we do care.
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Peripheral
Central |
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In aggression, harm is _______.
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Intended
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From an evolutionary perspective, why are males more physically aggressive?
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They must display their strength to compete for mates
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From an evolutionary perspective, why are females more socially aggressive?
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To discredit other females in the eyes of the prime males
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Perspectives on gender and aggression are distorted by ________.
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Expectations
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