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258 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Hep A virus?
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Picornavirus
ssRNA Oral-anal Hep A |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Hep B virus?
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Hepadnavirus
dsDNA Blood Borne Hep B |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Hep C virus?
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Flavivirus
ssRNA Blood Borne Hep C |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Hep D virus?
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Deltavirus
ssRNA Blood Borne Hep D; only infects cells previously infected with Hep B |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Hep E virus?
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Caliciviurs
ssRNA Oral-anl Hep E |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Influenza virus?
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Orthomyxovirus
ssRNA Respiratory Droplets Influenza |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Respiratory syncytial virus?
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Paramyxovirus
ssRNA Respiratory Droplets Bronchitis/Pneumonia in infants |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Measles virus?
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Paramyxovirus
ssRNA Respiratory Droplets Measles (rubeola) |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Mumps virus?
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Paramyxovirus
ssRNA Respiratory Droplets Mumps |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Rubella virus?
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Togavirus
ssRNA Respiratory Droplets Rubella (german measles) |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Adenovirus?
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Adenovirus
dsDNA Respiratory Droplets Pharyngitis, Pneumonia, Conjunctivitis |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Rhinovirus?
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Picornavirus
ssRNA Respiratory Droplets Common Cold |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the HIV virus?
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Retrovirus
ssRNA Blood Borne/Genital AIDS |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Cytomegalovirus?
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Herpesvirus
dsDNA Respiratory Droplets Mononucleosis Syndrome |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the Epstein-Barr virus?
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Herpesvirus
dsDNA Respiratory Droplets Infectios mononucleosis |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the HSV-1 virus?
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Herpesvirus
dsDNA Oral (saliva) gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis |
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What is the family, genome, transmission, and disease for the HSV-2 virus?
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Herpesvirus
ssDNA Genital (STD) Genital Herpes |
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What family doe the rotavirus belong to?
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Reovirus family
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A virus which is non-enveloped and have an iscohedral capsid composed of an outer and inner protein shell containing segmented double-stranded RNA.
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Reovirus
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What does the reovirus virion contain?
Why? |
RNA-dependent RNA ploymerase
Human cells lack enzyme and can't synthesize mRNA from RNA |
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Where do reoviruses replicate?
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Cytoplasm
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What are the two members of the reovirus family that can cause disease?
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Rotavirus
Coltivirus |
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What is another name for rotavirus?
What does it cause most commonly? |
Gastroenteritis virus type B
Gastroenteritis in children |
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What is another name for coltivirus?
What does it cause? |
Colorado tick fever virus
Colorado tick fever |
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A self-limiting disease, often referred to as the 24-hour flu. Not caused by an influenza. Associated with RNA viruses and often diagnosed by ELISA on fecal samples
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Viral gastroenteritis
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What is a major concern in infants especially where viral gastroenteritis is sometimes fatal?
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Dehydration
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What are the non-enveloped virus familes?
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Picornavirus
Reovirus Calcivirus |
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What are some examples of the Picornavirus?
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Poliovirus
Coxsackie A&B Rhinovirus Hep. A Virus |
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What are some examples of Calcivirus?
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Noroviruses: cause acute gastroenteritis in adults
Hep. E virus |
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What is the only member of the paramyxovirus family that lacks the envelope glycoproteins _____ and _____
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Respiratory syncytial virus
Hemagglutinin, neuramindase |
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What type of protein are the surface spikes of RSV?
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Fusion proteins
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What do the spikes on the envelope of paramyxovirus do?
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Cause cell fusion and in some cases hemolysis
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This virion surface proteins cause infected cells to fuse, forming multinucleated giant cells, which gives rise to the name of the virus.
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Respiratory Syncytial virus
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What is used to treat RSV in severely ill hospitalized infants?
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Ribaflavin
No vaccine |
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What are the viruses in the paramyxovirus family?
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measles
mumps respiratory syncytial virus parainfluenza viruses |
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What does paramyxovirus cause in children?
Adults? |
Croup and pneumonia
Common cold |
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Interstitial pulmonary inflammation is most characteristic of what?
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Viral pneumonia
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What resembles orthomyxoviruses except they are usually larger in size and have different surface proteins as well as non-segmented genomes?
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Paramyxoviruses
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What is the hallmark of viral infection?
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Cytopathic effect (CPE)
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This change starts with alterations of cell morphology accompanied by marked derangement of the cell function and culminates in the lysis and death of cells.
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Cytopathic effect (CPE)
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Do all viruses cause CPE?
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No, some replicate while causing little morphologic or functional change in the cell
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What are the changes that can come from viruses that don't cause CPE?
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Necrosis
Hypertrophy Giant cell formation Hypoplasia Metaplasia Altered Shape Detachment from Substrate Lysis Membrane fusion Altered Membrane Permeability Inclusion Bodies Apoptosis |
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The cytologic changes that a cell undergoes from a virus is useful for what?
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Diagnoses of the virus that induces the cytoplasmic effect
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Viruses use specific _____ _____ _____ to bind to and subsequently gain entry into their host cells. The identification of these receptors explains the _____ _____ of viruses.
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Cell surface receptors
Cellular tropism |
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What are the pathogens in the Herpes Virus Family ?
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Herpes Simplex Virus (Type 1 & 2)
varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) |
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All Herpes Viruses are morphologically _____.
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Identical
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What are the characteristics of the herpes virus?
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ds DNA
Enveloped Nuclear membrane Icosahedral nucleocapsid |
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Herpes viruses replicate in the _____ of the host cell.
The are the only virus to obtain their virion envelopes by... |
Nucleus
Budding from host nuclear membrane and not host plasma membrane |
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What is characteristic of all herpes viruses which follows primary infection?
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Latent infection in sensory nerve ganglia established
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Which specific ganglion does herpes usually produce a latent infection in?
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Trigeminal ganglion
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What is reactivation of a herpes virus usually associated with?
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Frequently but not always related with further disease
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What do the herpes simplex 1 and 2, and the varicella-zoster viruses cause?
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Vesicular rash
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Certain herpes viruses have _____ potential.
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Oncogenic (causes cancer)
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The virus associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Epstein-Barr
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What are the DNA envelope viruses?
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Herpes virus
poxvirus hepadnavirus |
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What is the infectious viral particle called?
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Virion
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In contrast to bacteria, fungi and parasites these are not cells and so incapable of reproducing independently, do not have a nucleaus, and do not have organelles such as ribosomes, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Smaller than cells and can't be seen under light microscopy.
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Virus
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Contain a single copy of their genome
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Haploid
All Viruses except retovirus which is diploid |
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The protein coat of a virus.
What is encased in this protein? |
Capsid
Contains single- or double-dtranded DNA or RNA (never both) |
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What is the combination of the nucleic acid and protein capsid of a virus?
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nucleocapsid
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What constitutes if a virus is naked or enveloped?
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Depending on whether the capsid is surrounded in lipoprotein envelope
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What are the polypeptide subunits of capsids?
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capsomeres
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What are the viruses that have envelopes that are covered in spikes?
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orthomyxoviruses
paramyxoviruses |
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Consist solely of a single molecule of circular RNA without a protein coat or envelope. They cause several plant diseases but are not implicated in any human disease.
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Viroids
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Infectious protein particles (atypical virus-like agents) that are composed solely of proteins.
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Prions
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What do prions cause?
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
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A severe degenerative brain disease caused by ingestion of beef from a cow infected with mad cow disease.
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
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Prions do not elicit what?
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Inflammatory or antibody responses
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Usually occurs in children under ten and are almost always of a subclinical type. May only have flu-like symptoms and one or two mild sores in the mouth which go unnoticed by the parents .
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Herpes simplex virus type 1
(Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis) |
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Symptoms include fever, irritability, cervical lymph-adenopathy, fiery red gingival tissues, and small yellowish vesicles which rupture and result in painful ulcers on the free and attached mucosa. most serious potential problem in a child with this infection is _____ due to the child not wanting to eat or drink because of the pain.
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Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis (HSV-1)
Dehydration |
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Following a primary infection of HSV-1 where does the virus remain latent?
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Sensory nerve ganglia
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Where does reactivation for HSV-1 occur?
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Site of infection or adjacent areas innervated by infected nerve
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Where are the most common recurrences of HSV-1 located in adults?
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Vermillion border of the lips (cold sores)
Herpetic conjunctivitis (Infection of the eye) |
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Which of the herpes viruses causes manifestations of recurrent infection in otherwise healthy people?
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Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2
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What are the factors that have been implicated in the appearance of the recurrent herpetic lesions of the lip?
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Emotional stress
trauma Excessive exposure to sunlight. |
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Synthetic nucleoside analogue that is active against the herpes viruses.
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Acyclovir
Brand name: Zovirax |
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What does acyclovir do against the herpes virus?
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Acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA
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What are the other nucleoside analogues besides acyclovir?
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Penciclovir (Denavir)
Valacyclovir (Valtrex) |
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HSV-1 typically infects...
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Above the waist; eye and mouth lesions
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HSV-2 typically infects...
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Below the waist; genital lesions
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Oral-genital sex can lead to HSV-1 _____ the waist and HSV-2 _____ the waist
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below
above |
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The primary infection of HSV-1 can range from _____ to severe _____ infections.
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Subclinical (asymptomatic)
Systemic |
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What are the recurrent infections that can be caused by the HSV-1 virus?
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Recurrent herpes labialis
keratoconjunctivitis encephalitis |
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A diagnostic test that reveals intranuclear inclusions in herpes virus infections
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tzanck smear
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What virus can have serious consequences in pregnant women because the virus can be transmitted to the child during birth. Virus can cause damage to the infant's CNS and or eyes
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HSV-2 (genital herpes)
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What bacteriophage has the ability to form a stable, nondisruptive relationship within the bacterium?
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Temperate phage
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Bacteriophage which is capable of replication by an alternative method in which the phage genome is incorporated into the bacterium without destroying the host.
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Temperate phage
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Bacteriophage that lysis and kills its host.
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Virulent phage
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What is the specific characteristic of a bacteriophage?
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Virus which replicates only within specific host bacterial cells.
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What type of bacterium contains a temperate bacteriophage?
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Lysogenic bacterium
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The alteration of a bacterium to a virulent strain by the transfer of a DNA temperate bacteriophage. Classic example of this conversion is in the alteration of _____ _____ to a virulent strain.
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Lysogenic conversion
Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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The presence of what makes a bacterium pathogenic?
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Presence of a temperate phage
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What is integrated viral DNA called?
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prophage
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What phage infects E. coli bacteria?
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Enterobacteria phage T4
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What are extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA molecules that are capable of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome?
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Plasmids
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What do bacteriophages usually consist of?
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A nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat
Some: tail-like structure that injest nucleic acid in host cell |
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A very delicate bacterial virus which may attack and destroy bacterial cells under certain conditions
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Bacteriophage
Also: Phage |
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A cell within which a virus replicates
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Host cell
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How does the virus use the host cell?
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1. Virus invades host cell
2. Gains control of host metabolic activities 3. Uses metabolic processes to make more virus 4. replication leads to cell death |
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If an infecting virus multiples within the host cell and destroys it then it is ...
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Lytic/Virulent
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If an infecting virus does not replicate but instead integrates into the bacterial chromosomes the virus is said to be ...
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Temperate/lysogenic
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The phage in the _____ cycle can spontaneously become _____.
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Lysogenic
Lytic |
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Does not result in the destruction of the host cell.
Lysogenic/Lytic |
Lysogenic
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The transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell with the DNA packaged within a bacteriophage.
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Transduction
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What group of viruses possesses an RNA genome that does not function as a positive or negative sense molecule but acts as a template for the production of viral DNA?
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Retroviruses
(Includes Human immunodeficiency virus HIV) |
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What enzyme does retoviruses use to act as a template for the production of viral DNA?
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RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)
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What is required for RNA oncogenic viruses to be integrated into host genomes?
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RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)
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Where does transcription of RNA viruses occur?
What are the exceptions? |
Cytoplasm
Retroviruses and Influenza |
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What does transcription involve for RNA viruses?
What is the exception? |
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Retroviruses (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) |
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Where does transcription occur in DNA viruses?
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Nucleus
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What does transcription for DNA viruses require?
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host-cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus all establish latency where?
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In the dorsal root ganglion
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What is the usual site of latency for HSV-1?
What is the primary latent disease? What is the secondary latent diseases? |
Trigeminal ganglion
1. Gingivostomatitis 2. cold sore keratitis encephalitis |
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What is the usual site of latency for HSV-2?
What is the primary latent disease? What is the secondary latent diseases? |
Sacral ganglion
1. Genital herpes |
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What is the usual site of latency for varicella-Zoster?
What is the primary latent disease? What is the secondary latent diseases? |
Trigeminal/thoracic ganglion
1. Infectious mononucleosis 2. Burkitt's Lymphoma B cell lymphoma Hairy leukoplakia Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
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What is the usual site of latency for Cytomegalovirus?
What is the primary latent disease? What is the secondary latent diseases? |
Unkown
1. Congenital infection (mother becomes infected with CMV while pregnant 2. Infection in immunocompromised individuals |
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What is the usual site of latency for Human herpes virus 8?
What is the primary latent disease? What is the secondary latent diseases? |
Uknown
1. Kaposi's sarcoma |
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What are the RNA enveloped viruses?
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orthomyxoviruses
paramyxoviruses togavirus retroviruses |
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What are examples of orthomyxoviruses?
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Influenza A, B, and C
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What are the RNA non-enveloped viruses?
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Picornavirus family
- enteroviruses - rhinoviruses - reoviruses - Hepatitis A |
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What are examples of enteroviruses?
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poliovirus (polio)
coxsackievirus A (herpangina/ hand-foot-mouth disease) coxsackievirus B (pleurodynia, myocarditis, pericarditis) |
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What are the DNA enveloped viruses?
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Herpes virus
Poxvirus Hep B virus |
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What are the DNA non-enveloped viruses?
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Adenoviruses
Papovavirus Parovirus |
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What non-enveloped DNA virus causes respiratory illnesses (esp. in children), conjunctavitis and pharyngitis?
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Adenovirus
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What does papillomavirus cause?
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Warts on the skin and mucous membranes
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What DNA non-enveloped virus is/are strongly correlated with the appearance of cervical cancer?
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Human papillomaviruses 16 and 18
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What DNA non-enveloped virus causes erythema infectiosum, also known as the fifth disease.
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Parovirus B19
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What is the main target for human adenoviruses?
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Respiratory tract
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What are naked medium sized viruses composed of an icosohedral nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linea DNA genome. They have spikes protruding form their surfaces that are involved in the absorption or attachment of the virus to the host cell.
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Adenovirus
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What kind of infections do adenoviruses commonly cause?
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Subclinical infections
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What are some characteristics of the capsid?
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- Repeating protein subunits (protomer)
- Protect viral genome - Imparts structural symmetry to virion - Essential for the infectivity of virion - Naked; serves as attachment protein - Antigenic, provokes immune response - most viruses have one, Reoviridae has 2 |
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Viral membrane, lipid bilayer carrying viral glycoproteins
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Virus envelope
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Welds the capsid or nucleocapsid to the envelope.
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Virus matrix protein
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What viral antigens are of most diagnostic value?
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Proteins
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What is regarded as the smallest RNA virus?
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Poliovirus
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Small single-stranded positive RNA virus with an icosahedral capsid. No envelope present. Preferentially replicates in the motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord; thus, the death of these cells leads to muscle paralysis.
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Poliovirus
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How is poliovirus transmitted?
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Consumption of water with fecal contamination
Uncommon in the west as it has mainly been vaccinated |
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What are the symptoms of poliovirus?
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Headache
vomiting constipation sore throat Paralysis last (asymmetric and flaccid) |
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What are the two vaccines that are currently used for active immunization against poliomyelitis?
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Salk vaccine: Formalin treated, inactivated, Given IV
Sabin vaccine: Live, attenuated virus, Given orally Both contain 3 types of polio (trivalent) |
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What is the largest and most complex DNA virus?
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Poxvirus family
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What are the three viruses of medical importance that are in the Poxvirus family?
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Smallpox virus (variola virus)
vaccinia virus molluscum contagious virus (MCV) |
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Large brick-shaped particles containing an enveloped linear double-stranded DNA genome, and capsid. These multiply in the cytoplasm of host cells (as opposed to the nucleus) and are usually associated with skin rashes.
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Poxviruses
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What is the most important poxvirus?
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Smallpox (variola)
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An acute, highly infectious, often fatal disease that is characterized by high fever, prostration, and a vesicular, pustular rash.
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Smallpox
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What disease has been eradicated by global use of the vaccine, which contains live, attenuated vaccinia virus?
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Smallpox
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What does the smallpox virus have that is the key to its success of the vaccine?
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Single stable serotype
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Where does the coxsackievirus A type generally reside?
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Skin, and mucous membranes
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Where does the coxsackievirus B type generally reside?
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Various organs such as heart, pleura, pancreas, and liver
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Very small, non-enveloped, composed of a single-stranded positive RNA genome with an icosahedral capsid and is incapable of causing cell transformation, due to the RNA genome
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Picornaviruses
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What viruses are included in the picornavirus family?
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Enteroviruses
rhinoviruses |
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What does group A coxsackievirus include?
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Herpangina and hand-foot-mouth disease
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Where do oral lesions of herpangina appear?
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Throat, palate, tongue
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Where do lesions of hand-foot-mouth disease occur?
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buccal mucosa and gingiva
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What does group B coxsackievirus include?
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Pleurodynia
Myocarditis Pericarditis |
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What are examples of echoviruses?
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Aseptic meningitis
encephalitis paralysis rash fever acute upper RI Enteritis Pleurodynia Myocarditis Neonatal Infections |
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How many serological types of the rhinovirus are there?
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100
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The classic presentation of _____ in children and young adults consists of the triad of fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy
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Infectious mononucleosis
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What cell type does the Epstein-Barr virus specifically infect?
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B Lymphocytes; can remain latent in them after symptoms have resolved
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What do the laboratory findings of infectious mononucleosis include?
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Lymphocytosis, atypical lymphocytes, and IgM heterophile antibodies
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What does the heterophile test look for?
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Infectious mononucleosis (mononucleosis spot test)
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What is the antibody of infectious mononucleosis?
Where is it located? In what percentage of people is it located? |
IgM Antibodies
Appears in Serum 80% |
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Causes german measles, which present with a characteristic rash, flat pink spots on the face and then spreads to the other body parts
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Rubella
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Small bluish-white lesions surrounded by a red ring that cannot be wiped off and occurs opposite the molars.
What do these spots characterize? |
Koplik's Spots
Rubeola |
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Causes enlargement of the parotid glands. Serious complications include deafness in children and orchinitus (inflammation of the testis) in males past puberty.
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Mumps
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When is the MMR vaccine distributed?
What does it include? |
1 year old kids w/ booster before school at age 4/5
Mixture of three attenuated viruses (measles, mumps, and rubella) |
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What does the HIV virus infect and kill?
What does this result in? |
Helper T-cells (CD4)
Depression of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity |
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What are the first cells infected by HIV which it uses to travel throughout the body?
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Macrophages
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What is the distinctive CPE of HIV called?
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Giant cell (syncytial) formation
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What are the two receptors required for HIV to infect a cell?
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CD4
Chemokine receptor |
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What is the rapid emergence of new strains of HIV attributed to?
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Frequent errors introduced by viral reverse transcriptase
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What is acute HIV-1 primary infection presented as?
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Mononucleosis-like syndrome
(fever, fatigue, sore throat, skin rash) |
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How does DNA differ from RNA tumor viruses?
What do RNA tumor viruses do to the cells they invade? |
HIV lyses host cells
Transformation without cytolytic activity |
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_____ _____ is defined as an RNA with the same base sequence as the mRNA
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Positive polarity
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RNA with _____ _____ has a base sequence that is complimentary to the mRNA.
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Negative polarity
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In terms polarity what is being referred to?
DNA/RNA |
RNA
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What are examples of negative polarity RNA viruses
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orthomyxoviruses
paramyxoviruses |
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What is the first step in viral gene expression?
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mRNA synthesis
Positive polarity = Direct synthesis Negative polarity = Transcription to synthesize |
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Can RNA viruses be single-stranded or double-stranded?
Segmented or non-segmented? |
Both
Both |
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Chicken pox is caused by what virus?
What else does this virus cause that is similar? |
Varicella-zoster virus
Shingles |
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90% of chicken pox cases are in ...
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children under 9 years of age
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What drug is contraindicated for use with chicken pox and other childhood illnesses?
Why? |
Aspirin
Increases risk of Reye's Syndrome causng: - encephalitis - liver impairment |
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The result of the reactivation of a latent varicella-zoster virus that may have remained within the body from childhood case of chickenpox.
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Shingles
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What nerve ganglion does shingles reach to produce an inflammatory response?
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sensory ganglion of spinal or cranial nerves (frequently trigeminal)
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Characterized by painful vesicles that occur on the skin or mucosal surface along the distrobution of a sensory nerve. Usually localized to a single dermatome. More common in individuals who are immunocompromised
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Shingles
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What suppresses the synthesis of varicella-zoster and herpes simplex viruses, and tends to diminish new lesion formation and the duration of fever and to prevent the spread of the virus through the viscera
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Adenosine arabinoside
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What disease is acute, highly infectious, often fatal and characterized by high fever, prostration, and a vesicular, pustular rash?
|
Small pox
|
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The average number of progeny viruses released per infected cell.
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Burst Size
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Composed of two lipid layers interspersed with protein molecules (lipoprotein bilayer) and may contain material from the membrane of a host cell as well as that of viral origin.
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Viral envelope
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When does the viral envelope gain the lipid molecules from the membrane of a host cell?
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During viral budding process.
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What happens to the proteins of the host cell's membrane once it has been taken to make the viral envelope?
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Virus replaces the host cell proteins with its own specific proteins.
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What is the most accepted laboratory method for diagnosis of most common viral infections?
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Cell culture technique
- Testing to see whether or not a specific antisera neutralize the virus |
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What is the only member of the orthomyxovirus family?
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Influenza
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Virus composed of a unique segmented, negative, single-straned, RNA genome, a helical nucleocapsid, and an outer lipoprotein envelope.
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Influenza viruses
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The envelope of the influenza virus is covered by what two types of spikes?
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1. Hemaglutinin (causes agglutination of RBC's)
2. Neuraminidase (aids in attachment to the host cell via specific receptors) |
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What are the different types of influenza virus?
What does the typing depend on for the viruses? |
A, B, C
Nucleocapsid antigen |
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The ability of the influenza virus to cause epidemics is dependent on what?
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Antigenic changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
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What are the two types of antigenic changes of the influenza virus?
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Antigenic shifts
Antigenic drifts |
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Antigenic Changes are major changes based on what?
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Reassortment of genome pieces
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Antigenic drifts are minor changes based on what?
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Mutations
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Syndrome that includes vomiting, lethargy, and may result in a coma. it is rare but about 40% of cases result in death. The origin is unclear but it seems to follow viral infection like influenza and chicken pox and is made worse when children take aspirin to try and treat it.
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Reye's syndrome
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What two drugs are not associated with reye's syndrome?
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Acetominophen and Ibuprofen
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A family of viruses that have single-stranded positive sense RNA genome with an icosahedral capsid, no envelope is present.
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Picronavirus family
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What is the common cold caused by in adults besides picornavirus?
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coronavirus
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What are the complications of the mumps virus?
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- Orchitis: painful swelling of the testesin postpubertal males
- Sterility and deafness in children |
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What two things act to prevent viral replication in influenza A
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Amantidine and rimantadine
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Inflammation of the pharynx. main symptom is a sore throat, and cased by a variety of viruses.
What are they? |
Pharyngitis
Adenoviruses/coxsackiviruses |
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Viruses which can be transmitted to via an insect vector.
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Arthropod-borne viruses
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What are the three families of the arboviruses?
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Togavirus
Bunyaviruses Flaviviruses |
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What growth curve describes the lytic reproduction cycle that releases a large number of phage simultaneously?
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One-step growth curve
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What are the typical phases in a one-step growth analysis?
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1. Adsorption phase
2. Eclipse phase 3. Synthetic phase 4. Latent period |
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What is the initial phase of the one step growth analysis?
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Adsorption phase
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What phase of the one-step growth analysis lasts for 10-12 hours and corresponds to the period during which the input virus becomes uncoated. As a result, no infectious virus can be detected during this time?
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Eclipse Phase
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What phase starts around 12 hours post-infection and corresponds to the time during which new virus particles are assembled?
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Synthetic Phase
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What phase has no extracellular virus detected and after a certain time period it is then detected extracellularly. Ultimately the production will reach a maximum plateau phase
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Latent Period
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What are the steps in the replicative cycle of viruses?
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1. Attachment
2. Entry 3. Uncoating 4. Replication and Viral protein reproduction 5. Assembly 6. Release |
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What happens in the attachment step for viruses?
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- CD4 on T-cells for HIV
- ICAM on upper respiratory epithelial cells (rhinoviruses) - Immunoglobulin-like receptors - polio |
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What happens in the entry step for viruses?
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- receptor-mediated endocytosis, e.g. influenza and adenovirus
- membrane fusion, e.g. herpes viruses and paramyxoviruses |
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What happens in the uncoating step of of viruses?
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Triggered by pH changes in endosomes, e.g. Influenza A virus
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What happens in the replication and protein production step of viruses?
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Transcription and translation
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All _____ viruses (except _____) replicate in the nucleus using host cell RNA polymerase
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DNA
poxviruses |
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All _____ viruses (except _____) replicate in the cytoplasm using their own RNA polymerase
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RNA
retroviruses and orthomyxoviruses |
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What happens in the Assembly step for viruses?
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The new viral nucleic acid and capsid proteins are packaged
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What happens in the release step of viruses?
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Either by budding through host plasma membrane or by host plasma membrane rupture
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What is the cytopathic effect for paramyxoviruses?
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Syncytia formation (induce cells to form multinucleated giant cells)
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What is the antiviral treatment for Influenza?
Is there a vaccine? |
Amantadine
Rimantidine Zanamivir Yes |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Croup in Children?
Is there a vaccine? |
None
No |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants?
Is there a vaccine? |
Ribavirin
No |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Rubella (German measles)?
Is there a vaccine? |
None
Yes |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Measles (Rubeola)?
Is there a vaccine? |
None
Yes |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Mumps?
Is there a vaccine? |
None
Yes |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Common Cold?
Is there a vaccine? |
None
No |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Common cold in adults?
Is there a vaccine? |
None
No |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Herpes Simplex Type 1?
Is there a vaccine? |
Acyclovir
Penciclovir Valacyclovir No |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Herpes Simplex Type 2?
Is there a vaccine? |
Acyclovir
Penciclovir Valacyclovir No |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Epstein-Bar?
Is there a vaccine? |
(Infectious mononucleosis)
None No |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Varicella-zoster?
Is there a vaccine? |
Acyclovir
Penciclovir Valacyclovir No |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Adenovirus?
Is there a vaccine? |
None
Yes |
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What is the antiviral treatment for Coxsackievirus A and B?
Is there a vaccine? |
None
No |
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What viruses cause respiratory diseases in children?
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- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Parainfluenza viruses - Rhinoviruses - Adenoviruses |
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What are the common viral causes of pharyngitis?
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- Coxsackievirus A
- Adenoviruses - Orthomyxoviruses (influenza) - Epstein-Barr virus |
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What are the common causes of viral gastroenteritis?
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- Rotavirus (common in children)
- Noravirus - Adenoviruses and Astroviruses (common in adults) |
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What are the viruses that cross the placenta?
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- Rubella
- Herpes - HIV - Cytomegalovirus |
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What are the causes of the common cold?
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- Rhinoviruses
- Coronaviruses - Adenoviruses - Influenza C virus - Coxsackieviruses |
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What are the most common pediatric viral disease with a rash?
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- Measles
- Rubella - Roseola - Erythema Infectiosum (Parvovirus B19) |
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What are the most common causes of aseptic meningitis?
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- Coxsackieviruses
- Ecoviruses - Mumps virus |
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What are the only RNA viruses that are double-stranded?
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Reoviruses
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What are the most common viruses to cause infectious diarrhea in infants and young children?
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Rotavirus
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What is the most common human disease caused by an arbovirus?
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Dengue fever
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What is the most common cause of epidemic encephalitis?
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Japanese encephalitis virus
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What is the most common viral cause of mental retardation in the US?
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
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What is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus in the family Togaviridae, with only one serotype identified and contains three major structural polypeptides?
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Rubella virus
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Where does the Rubella virus multiply?
What follows this? |
Multiplies in cells in the respiratory system
Followed by viremic spread to target organs |
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Something which causes malformation of an embryo or fetus.
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Teratogen
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What is the earliest, and most prominent characteristic symptom of rubella infection?
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Lymphadenopathy of postauricular, occipital, and posterior cervical lymph nodes.
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When is the lymphodenopathy most severe for the Rubella infection?
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During the rash that lasts 3-5 days and starts on the face and travels down from there
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What can rubella virus when contracted during pregnancy cause?
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Stillbirth, Spontaneous abortion and several anomalies associated with congenital rubella syndrome.
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What is the classic triad of Rubella?
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cataracts, heart disease, and deafness
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What is the current rubella vaccine?
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Prepared from attenuated rubella virus.
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