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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Not seen often but when it occurs it is an extension of infection from the mandibular molar teeth into the floor of the mouth, since their roots lie below the attachment of the mylohyoid muscle.
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Ludwig's Angina
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What is the first primary characteristic of Ludwig's Angina?
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Has a brawny induration that doesn't pit.
No fluctuance is present |
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What is the second primary characteristic of Ludwig's Angina?
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Three facial spaces are involved:
Submandibular Submental Sublingual |
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What is the third primary characteristic of Ludwig's Angina?
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Patient has typical openmouthed appearance
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What part of Ludwig's Angina causes an emergency situation?
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May cause swelling to the extent that it blocks the airway.
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What is used to treat Ludwig's Angina?
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Antibiotics esp. penicillin or penicillin-like drugs
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What bacteria are responsible for Ludwig's Angina?
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Mixed bacteria but Streptococci are almost always present.
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A chronic infection with Actinomyces usually A. Israelii and is characteristic of slow-growing, deep, lumpy abscesses that extrude a thin, purulent exudate through multiple sinuses.
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Actinomycosis
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Where does Actinomycosis develop?
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Chiefly in the jaw and neck and less frequently in the lungs and alimentary tract.
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When does the disease of Actinomycosis develop?
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Following tissue damage that is contaminated with endogenous organism.
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How can Actinomycosis be treated?
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Long term Penicillin therapy
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Actinomycotic lesions have the characteristic _____ _____ in them which are actually colonies of infecting organisms.
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Sulfur Granules
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What are the most potent toxins known to humans?
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Botulism toxins
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How do Botulism toxins work?
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Binds to cholinergic nerve receptors and decreases the release of acetylcholine
Causes neuromuscular block |
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What can the effects of botulism eventually lead to?
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Respiratory failure resulting in death
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C. Botulism spores are highly resistant to _____, but _____ are not.
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Heat
Toxins |
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What can prevent botulism?
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Proper canning and heating of food.
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Tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin that inhibits _____ release.
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Glycine
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How does the tetanus toxin enter the CNS?
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Through peripheral nerves
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What is the characteristic fixed smile and raised eyebrows of tetanus?
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Risus sardonicus
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What toxin inhibits protein synthesis?
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Diphtheria
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A toxin made up of three proteins. one is a protective antigen and two are enzymes that are called edema factor and lethal factor, respectively.
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Anthrax toxin
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What type of infections are usually associated with eosinophilia?
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Parasitic Infections
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What is defined as a WBC greater than 11,000 per mm^3, is frequently found in the course of routine laboratory testing.
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Leukocytosis
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What does an elevated WBC typically reflect?
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The normal response of bone marrow to an infectious or inflammatory process.
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What things are neutrophils most commonly associated with?
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Acute infections (bacterial)
Stress |
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What things are Eosinophils most commonly associated with?
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Allergy, Asthma
Parasitic infections |
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What things are Lymphocytes most commonly associated with?
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Tuberculosis
Viral infection |
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What things are Monocytes most commonly associated with?
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Tuberculosis
Malaria Rickettsia |
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What 2 bacterial infections seem to lack a leukocytotic effect where there is actually a depression of neutrophils?
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Typhoid fever
Brucellosis |
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What is a general method of determining if a disease is bacterial or viral?
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Perform a leukocyte count
- viral infections lower leukocyte numbers |
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What reaction is difficult to differentiate from leukemia and has a leukocyte count of up to 100,000 per cu mm of blood?
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Leukemoid
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The lining up of the White Blood Cells along the wall of a vessel.
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Margination
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What inhibits the replication of the influenza A virus by interfering with viral attachment and uncoating. it is effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of the influenza A virus
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Amantadine
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An acute bacteria caused by Mycobacterium _____ and is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, formation of granulomas with caseation, fibrosis, and cavitation.
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Tuberculosis (TB)
tuberculosis |
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Where does the TB infection take place?
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Primarily the lungs but it can spread to other organs
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What are the two typical hallmark symptoms of TB?
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Fever and Night sweats
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Whata re the two types of TB?
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Primary
Secondary |
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Initial infection that is characterized by the _____ complex (primary lesion in the lung + calcified hilar lymph node). It is most often asymptomatic and usually does not progress to clinically evident disease
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Primary tuberculosis
Ghon |
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usually results from activation of a prior Ghon complex, which spreads to a new pulmonary or extrapulmonary site. Localized lesions favor _____ lobes of the lung, involvement of the _____ lymph nodes is common, along with tubercle formation.
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Secondary tuberculosis
Upper Hilar |
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Caseous granulomas frequently rupture and the contents are expelled and result in cavitary lesions. This is a characteristic of secondary but not primary lesions.
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Tubercle formation
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Secondary TB may be complicated by lymphatic hematogenous spread, resulting in _____ TB or _____ TB. This results in the seeding of several organs with multiple, small, millet, seed-like lesions.
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Miliary
Disseminated |
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What is a characteristic of both Primary and Secondary TB?
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Granulomatous inflammation
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The granuloma of TB is referred to as a _____.
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Tubercle
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What is TB treated with?
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Combination of isoniazid + rifampin + pyrazinamide + ethambutol
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What are the serious side effects of TB treatment?
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Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity Muscle Weakness |
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Acute Appendicitis has its highest incidence at _____ years old. and is unusual under the age of _____.
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10-19
1 |
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What is the most common emergency surgical treatment done?
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Appendectomies
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What is McBurney's point?
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Half-way between a line drawn from the umbilicus to the anterior iliac spine
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Point tenderness at McBurney's point is indicative of what?
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Acute pancreatitis
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What are the clinical findings for Acute appendicitis?
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Child holding rt. side
Child looking ill and laying quiet Diffuse abdominal tenderness Point tenderness at McBurney's Point Rebound tenderness |
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Pressing the abdomen at McBurney's point causes tenderness in a patient with appendicitis. When the abdomen is pressed, held momentarily, and then rapidly released, the patient may experience a momentary increase in pain.
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Rebound tenderness
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Rebound tenderness suggests what about the inflammation of the appendicitis?
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Spread to the peritoneum
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What is the physiologic function of the appendix?
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No known function
Most likely a vestigial structure representing a degenerated portion of the cecum. |
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Chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall. Cause is not known and has no cure. It is characterized by non-necrotizing granulometous inflammation with ulcers, strictures, and fistulas.
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Crohn's disease
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The most common neoplasm of the appendix and it rarely metastasizes.
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Carcinoid tumor
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Chronic disease in which the large intestine becomes inflamed and ulcerated, leading to episodes of bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever
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Ulcerative colitis
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What is gonorrhea a common cause of in women?
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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What is Gonorrhea caused by?
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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A bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and in the urethra in men and women.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Where can Neisseria gonorrhoeae grow that is uncommon to the bacteria?
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Mouth
Throat Eyes Anus |
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What is gonorrhea second to in terms of STD prevalence?
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Chlamydial infections
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How is gonorrhea usually treated?
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Single injection of Ceftriaxone plus doxycycline
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What are the first symptoms that women may have with gonorrhea?
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Bleeding from sex
Burning Pee Yellow/Bloody vaginal discharge |
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A general term for the infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
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What are the first symptoms that men have with gonorrhea?
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More often than women
Purulent urethritis Burning Pee |
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What can gonorrhea cause in men?
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Epididymitis - painful dondotion of ducts attached to testes can lead to infertility
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What two things can gonorrhea often occur with?
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Chlamydia and syphilis
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What is the most common STD?
What is it caused by? |
Chlamydial cervicitis
C. trachomatis (often asymptomatic) |
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What do young women who contract chlamydial cervicitis also often acquire?
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Salpingitis (inflammation of fallopian tubes)
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Contagious, systemic venereal or congenital disease caused by the spirochete _____ _____. Begins in the mucus membranes and quickly spreads to nearby lymph nodes and the bloodstream.
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Syphilis
Treponeum pallidum |
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How is Syphilis transmitted
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Sexual contact during second stage of infection
Mother to fetus is possible |
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What are the three stages of syphilis?
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary |
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Stage of syphilis in which firm, painless ulcer known as a _____ which appears _____ after the site of local contact. The lips are the most common site of these.
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Primary Syphilis
Chancre 3-6 weeks |
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Highly infectious stage of syphilis that occurs 6 weeks after non-treatment. A _____ rash and _____ _____ (gray, flattened, wart-like lesions) appear on the skin and mucosal surfaces.
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Secondary Syphilis
Maculopapular Condyloma lata |
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Stage of syphilis that occurs in 30% of infected persons many years after non-treatment. The _____ (focal nodular mass) typifies this stage. Most commonly occurs on the palate and tongue. Neurologic symptoms are evident at this stage.
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Tertiary syphilis
Gumma |
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What can the tertiary stage of syphilis cause if left untreated?
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Irreversible heart failure
Dementia Disability |
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What is the treatment of syphilis in all stages?
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Parenteral Penicillin G
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Benign squamous cell carcinoma caused by the HPV virus. It is an STD and is most common in the anogenital region, often has multiple lesions, and is treated by surgical excision.
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Condyloma acuminatum
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What is encephalitis most often caused by?
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Viral infection
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Severe inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a mosquito-borne or, in some areas, tick-borne virus. Transmission may also occur through injestion of infected goat's milk or by accidental inhalation of the virus.
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Encephalitis
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In this disease intense lymphocytic infiltration of the brain tissues and the _____ causes cerebral edema, degeneration of the brain's ganglion cells, and diffuse nerve cell destruction.
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Encephalitis
leptomeninges |
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What viruses are responsible for encephalitis?
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Arboviruses in rural areas
Enteroviruses in Urban areas Others: Herpes, mumps, HIV, adenoviruses |
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Disease where the brain and spinal cord meninges become inflamed. Caused by a number of organisms and its most common cause is hemophilus influenzae esp. in children under two. the organisms are thought to enter the body through the nose and throat.
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Meningitis
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What are the bacteria most responsible for meningitis?
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Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus Pneumoniae |
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A syndrome that is an overwhelming, rapidly progressive infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis, and produces severe diarrhea, vomiting, seizures, internal bleeding (bilateral adrenal hemorrhage), low blood pressure, shock, and often death.
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
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If an infection occurs more frequently than normal within a population.
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Epidemic
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If an infection occurs worldwide
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Pandemic
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If an infection occurs at minimal levels within a population
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Endemic
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If a disease is highly communicable what term is applied to it?
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Contagious
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A short term active infection with symptoms
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Acute
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A long-term active infection with symptoms
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Chronic
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Many infections are unapparent or _____ and can only be detected by demonstrating a rise in _____ _____ or isolating the organism.
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Subclinical
Antibody titer |
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Some infections result in a _____ _____ after which reactivation of the growth of the organism and recurrence of symptoms may occur.
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Latent State
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Some infections lead to a _____ _____ state, in which the organisms continue to grow with or without producing symptoms in the host.
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Chronic Carrier
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