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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain and Spinal Cord |
Central Nervous System (CNS) 2 Structures |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Nerves that branch from the CNS
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Meninges Dura, arachnoid, pia mater Subarachnoid Space |
- Covering that protects the brain and spinal cord - What are its 3 layers? - Which space contains the cerebrospinal fluid? |
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Blood-Brain barrier |
- The group of capillaries that permit some substances to pass from the blood to the brain but restrict others |
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Meningitis |
- Inflammation of the meninges |
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Encephalitis |
- Inflammation of the brain |
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Meningoencephalitis |
- Inflammation of the meninges and brain |
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Bacterial Meningitis Viral meningitis |
GENERALLY SPEAKING Symptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck; followed by nausea and vomiting; may progress to convulsions and coma; death from shock and inflammation Cause: Endotoxin and cell wall release Comparatively, __________________ is more common and mild |
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- Sample CSF via spinal tap or lumbar puncture - Latex agglutination tests - Chemotherapy initiated before diagnosis |
3 Ways to Diagnose/Treat Bacterial Meningitis |
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Cannot withstand storage Changes in temperature |
2 Reasons why Pathogens in CSF do not survive long? |
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- Haemophilus influenza - Streptococcus pneuomoniae - Neisseria meningitidis |
3 Causes of Bacterial Meningitis?
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Haemophilus influenzae
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- Gram negative aerobic bacteria; normal throat microbiota - Prevention: Hib vaccine |
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Bacterial Meningitis
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- Can enter bloodstream, pathogenicity due to capsule antigen type b - Occurs mostly in children (6 months - 4 years) - 45% of cases - 6% mortality |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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- Gram positive encapsulated diplococci - Can also cause pneumonia and otitis media - 70% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers; most common in children; mortality 30% in children, 80% elderly - Prevention: conjugated vaccine |
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Neisseria meningitidis
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- Gram negative aerobic encapsulated cocci; 6 serotypes - Throat infection, rash, bacteremia - 40% are healthy nasopharyngeal carries; mortality 9-12% with antibiotic therapy, 80% without; outbreaks common in dorms and military barracks (before immunization, it was a major problem) - Vaccination protects against A, C, Y, W not B |
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Clostridium Tetani
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- Gram positive endospore forming anaerobe - Tetanospasmin released from dead cells enter CNS and block relaxation pathway in muscles - Fewer than 50 cases per year - Mortality 25-50% - DTaP vaccination, stimulates antibodies that neutralize toxin, booster required every 10 years - TIG immunoglobin |
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Clostridium botulinum |
- Gram positive endospore forming anaerobe
- Initial symptoms vary, nausea, no fever, may proceed neurological symptoms such as double/blurred vission, difficulty swallowing, general weakness |
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Botulism |
- intoxication comes from ingesting exotoxin specific for the synaptic end of the nerve the blocks acetylcholine release - Flaccid paralysis can last 1-10 days; Respiratory or cardiac failure - Death - Treatment with respiratory assitance and antitoxins; prevented with proper canning and the use of nitrites in foods |
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Infant botulism |
- Grows in infant intestines due to lack of intestinal microbiotia; associated with honey - Prevention: BabyBIG - Immune Globulin |
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1. Poliomyelitis 2. poliovirus 3. 1 4. motor 5. respiratory 6. Postpolio |
___1___ AKA polio is caused by the ___2___, that is __3__% paralytic from the destruction of __4__ cells. __5__ failure involves death. ___6___ Syndrome is a muscle weakness that occurs decades after infection. |
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Poliomyelitis |
- Symptoms: Sore throat and nausea; viremia may occur, enters CNS - Cases fell 99% from 1988-2000; Persistent reservoirs remain in Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Nigeria - Vaccines for all 3 serotypes; Salk vaccine: inactivated vaccine (IPV: injectable); Sabin vaccine: attenuated vaccine; lifelong immunity (oral) |
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1. Lyssavirus 2. Bullet 3. Single 4. RNA 5. muscle spasms 6. hydro 7. furious (classical) 8. paralytic (dumb or numb) |
Rabies is caused by the __1__ which is __2__ shaped, __3__ stranded __4__ that easily develops mutants. Symptoms include ___5___ of the mouth and pharynx, and ___6___phobia. The ___7___ type are when the animals are restless and highly excitable, and the __8__ type is when they seem unaware of their surroundings. |
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Rabies |
- Virus multiplies in the skeletal muscles and travels through the PNS to the brain cells, causing encaphalitis; average incubation 30-50 days; forms Negri bodies in the brain stem - Treatment is ineffective once symptoms appear; Globally distributed [US: Bats, skunks, foxes, raccoons, domestic animals, rarely in squirrels, rabbits, rats and mice]; 7-8000 animal cases annually; 1-6 human cases annually |
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Rabies |
- Diagnosis: Direct Fluorescent-Antibody (DFA) test with bodily fluids; Treatment: Wash thoroughly with soap and water; Postexposure prophylaxis: vaccine plus immunoglobulin [Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) and human immune globulin (RIG)]; - Transmitted by animal bite (Silver-haired bats) saliva; can also cross mucous membranes |
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Rabies |
Milwaukee protocol: Induced extended coma to minimize excitability while administering anti-viral drugs for which disease? |
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Cryptococcosis neoformans |
- Spreads through blood to the CNS in immunocompromised; cases reported in otherwise healthy adults; mortality up to 30% - Diagnosis: Latex agglutination to detect cryptococcal antigens in serum or CSF; Treatment: amphotericin B and flucytosine - Respiratory route through dried contaminated pigeon/chicken droppings - Soil fungus that causes meningitis |
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1. Transmissable spongiform encephalopathies 2. Spongiform 3. Sheep scrapie 4. Chronic wasting disease 5. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 6. Variant of CJD 7. Kuru |
Prions AKA __1__ causes normal proteins in brain to tissue to become abnormal and lead to ___2___ degeneration. It is often chronic and fatal. __3__ infects sheep, __4__ infects deer and elk, ___5___ is one that infects human, and a variant that occurs in younger individuals or can be inherited is called ___6___. ___7___ can be caused by cannibalism. |
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy |
- AKA Mad Cow Disease - Caused by prions - From cattle eating deed containing bone meal from scrapie infected sheep |
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Prions |
Difficult to destroy via standard methods; sterilization of surgical instruments by NaOH with extended autoclaving at 134C |
