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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cardiovascular System |
- Circulates blood through the body's tissues - Includes the heart and associated arteries, veins and capillaries - Delivers substances to and removes substances from the cells |
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Lymphatic System |
- Plasma leaves blood capillaries to become interstitial fluid; can pick up microorganisms and infectious agents - Capillaries transport fluid to vessels to nodes |
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Macrophages B Cells T Cells |
Lymph Nodes contain these 3 fixed Cells |
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Buboes |
Swollen lymph nodes |
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Septicemia |
Acute illness due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood |
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Sepsis |
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) |
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Lymphangitis |
Inflamed lymph vessels |
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Severe sepsis |
- When Systemic inflammatory response syndrome progresses, there is decreased blood pressure and dysfunction of at least one organ |
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Septic shock |
- Sepsis and uncontrollable decreased blood pressure - Always by gram negative bacteria - Response is very fast |
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1. Inflammation
2. Septic shock 3. Death 4. 1 million 5. Septicemia |
The response of defense can be extremely fast sometimes causing release of chemicals into the blood leading to _____1______ of the entire body. In very severe cases, ____2____ can develop, causing ____3_____. According to the data given by CDC,every year around ____4____ deaths occur in the USA due to ____5____. |
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1. Septicemia
2. fever 3. fast heart rate 4. breathing 5. organs 6. low blood pressure 7. septic shock |
There are 3 stages of ___1___. The first stage is mild with mild symptoms like __2__ and ___3___. The second stage involves ___4___ problems and malfunctioning of the __5__ can occur. In the third/final stage, the condition becomes very severe, causing very ____6____ and ___7___. |
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1. Endotoxin shock 2. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 3. blood pressure 4. neutralizing 5. cytokines
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In Gram Negative Sepsis, also called _____1______, ___2___ in cell walls causes severe drop in ___3___. Antibiotics can make it worse by killing bacteria, releasing toxins in cell walls; often not administered to halt progression. Early signs are nonspecific and not esp. alarming. Treatment involves ___4___ the __2__ components and inflammatory-causing __5__.
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1. Fever
2. 90 3. 101 F 4. respiration 5. urine output 6. platelet count 7. blood pressure 8. breathing 9. heart pumping |
Symptoms of septicemia start slowly with __1__ and general weakness and progress to severe gradually. There is an increased heart beat, more than __2__ bpm. A high fever above __3__ or chills below 96.8 F. High __4__, more than 20/minute. Very low __5__, __6__ and extremely low __7__, sudden change in mental position, difficulty __8__, increased __9__ and sometimes unconsciousness. |
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Ischemia |
Loss of blood supply to tissue; wound becomes anaerobic |
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Necrosis |
- Death of tissue |
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Gangrene |
- Death of soft tissue |
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Hyperbaric Chamber |
- Chamber of pure oxygen to treat patients with anaerobic bacterial diseases |
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Multiple sclerosis |
- Autoimmune attack on the nervous system |
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Hodgkin's lymphoma |
- Tumors of the spleen, lymph nodes and liver |
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- Multiple sclerosis - Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Nasopharyngeal cancer - Burkitt's Lymphoma - Infectious Mononucleosis |
5 Diseases associated with the Epstein-Barr virus |
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1. Positive 2. Enterococcus faecalis 3. Streptococcus agalactiae 4. Streptococcus pyogenes 5. toxic shock 6. hospital acquired 7. Gastrointestinal |
Gram ___1___ sepsis is caused by exotoxins produced by the 3 species ___2___, ___3____ and ___4___. These potent exotoxins can cause ___5___ syndrome and are associated to ___6___ infections. Their typical route is through the ___7___ tract. |
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Enterococcus faecalis |
- Bacteria that causes gram positive sepsis - Inhabit colon, colonizes wound and urinary tract - Resistant to many antibiotics |
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Streptococcus agalactiae |
- GBS - Group B - Associated with neonatal sepsis |
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Puerperal fever/Childbirth fever |
- Disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes - Gram Positive Sepsis - Progresses to an infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis) - Transmitted to mother during childbirth, infects uterus |
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1. Tularemia 2. Francisella tularensi 3. Negative 4. Rod 5. Ulcers 6. Buboes |
___1___ AKA rabbit fever is caused by ___2___ which is a Gram __3__ __4__. It is transmitted from rabbits, ticks and insects by deer flies. It causes __5__ at site of entry, and __6__ about 1 week after infection. |
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Tularemia "Rabbit Fever" |
- If left untreated can lead to sepsis and infection of organs; respiratory infection from inhaling dust contaminated by urine or feces of infected animals can cause acute pneumonia with mortality rate>30% - Zoonotic disease; intracellular phagocytic; mortality usually <3% |
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1. Bacillus anthracis 2. positive 3. endospore 4. aerobic 5. rod 6. Cutaneous 7. Gastrointestinal 8. Inhalational (pulmonary) |
Anthrax is caused by ___1__ which is a Gram __2__, __3__ forming __4__ (aerotolerance) __5__(shape) found in soil. It has 3 types based on route of entry, __6__, __7__, and ___8___. |
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1. Cutaneous 2. 20 3. Gastrointestinal 4. 50 |
__1__ anthrax is where endospores enter through minor cut, __2__% mortality without treatment. __3__ anthrax comes from ingestion of undercooked, contaminated food with __4__% mortality rate. |
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Pulmonary Anthrax |
- Caused by gram positive endospore forming aerobic rod - Inhalation of endospores - bacteria enter bloodstream, progresses into septic shock - Almost 100% mortality |
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Gas Gangrene |
- Disease caused by Clostridium perfringens |
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Clostridium perfringens |
- Gram positive, endospore-forming anaerobic rod - Grows in necrotic tissue; produces toxins that move along muscle bundles - Treatment: Surgical removal necrotic tissue or hyperabaric chamber |
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Cat Scratch Disease |
- Caused by Bartonella henselae |
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Bartonella henelae |
- Gram negative aerobic - Forms papule at the infection site and swollen lymph nodes - Inhabits cat RBCs; carried in the blood of 50% of cats; multiplies in the digestive system of cat fleas; self-limiting |
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Plague |
- Caused by Yersinia pestis |
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Yersinia pestis |
- Gram negative rod - Causes buboes - Antibiotic prophylaxis for exposure - endemic to rates, ground squirrels and prairie dogs; bacteria blocks flea's digestive tract; flea bites host and ingested blood is regurgitated into the host; bacteria enter bloodstream and proliferate in the lymph tissue - Transmitted by rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis) |
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Bubonic Plague |
- Type of plague with Bacterial growth in the blood and lymph; most common form; 50-75% mortality rate |
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Septicemic Plague |
- Type of plague that causes septic shock |
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Pneumonic |
- Type of plague spread by airborne droplets; 100% mortality |
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Lyme Disease |
- Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi |
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Borrelia burgdorferi |
- Tickborne spiral bacteria - Cause of most common tickborne disease in U.S.; field mice are the most common reservoir - nymphal stage of the Ixodes tick feeds on mice and infects humans and less likely to be noticed; ticks feed on deer that are not infected; ticks must attach 2-3 days to transfer bacteria; distinctive target shaped rash only occur in ~75% of cases |
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Lyme Disease |
Phase 1: Bull's eye rash; flulike symptoms. Phase 2: Irregular heartbeat; encephalitis; facial paralysis; memory loss. Phase 3: arthritis due to an immune response (months or years later) - Diagnosis: ELISA, indirect fluorescent-antibody (FA) test or Western blot; Treatment: Phase 1: antibiotics effective; Phase 2: pacemaker may be necessary; more difficult to treat in later stages with antibiotics |
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
- Tickborne typhus - Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii |
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
- 1 week after bite: Measles like rash that appears on palm and soles - Without early diagnosis mortality rate is 20% - Spread by wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) and dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) - Treatment: Tetracycline and chloramphenicol |
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Infectious Mononucleosis |
- Incubation about 4-7 weeks - Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen - Replicates in resting memory B cells to form unusual lobed nuclei and produce heterophile antibodies which are weak and multispecific - Transmitted via saliva |
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Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalic inclusion disease |
- 2 Diseases caused by Human herpesvirus 5 |
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Human Herpesvirus 5 |
- Virus that is Transmitted sexually, via blood, saliva or transplanted tissue - Disease: Cytomegalovirus and cytomegalic inclusion disease |
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Cytomegalovirus |
- Human herpesvirus 5 - may be asymptomatic or mild in adults - Remains latent in white blood cells; infected cells swell to form owl-eye inclusions |
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Cytomegalic inclusion disease |
- Human herpesvirus 5 - mental retardation or hearing loss in newborns - Transmitted across the placenta |
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Toxoplasma gondii |
- Parasite - may become chronic infection; primary danger is congenital infection that leads to stillbirth and neurological damage - undergoes sexual phase in cat intestines and oocytes shed in cat feces; oocysts form trophozoites that invade cells - contact with cat feces or undercooked meat introduces oocytes to intestines |
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Malaria |
- Toxic compounds causes paroxysms of chills and fever- undergo schizogony that ruptures the infected RBCs and releases toxic compounds; some merozoites develop into gametocytes and are taken up by a mosquito, repeating the cycle - Difficult to develop vaccine because plasmodium rapidly mutates and evades an immune response; difficult to diagnose without sophisticated equipment; Prophylaxis: Chloroquine and Malarone for chloroquine-resistant areas; Treatment: Artemisinin; Prevention: Bed nets |
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Malaria |
- Caused by plasmodium - parasite |
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Plasmodium vivax |
- Malaria causative agent - Mildest and most prevalent form; dormant in liver |
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Plasmodium ovale and malariae |
- Malaria causative agent (2) - Benign; restricted geographically |
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Plasmodium falciparum |
- Malaria causative agent - Most deadly, blocks capillaries, affects the kidneys, liver and brain - Causes severe anemia |
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Plague |
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Lyme Disease |
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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Lyme Disease |
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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Toxoplasmosis |
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Malaria |
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