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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The nervous system is divided in two kinds of systems, what are they?
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the central nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system
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what is the central nervous system composed of?
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the brain, and spinal cord
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what surrounds the brain and spinal chord
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bones of the cranium, bones of the betebral column, and three layers of tissue called meminges
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what are the three layers of mininges called, and name them in order from outer layer to inner layer.
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dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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the blood vessels that supply the CNS, that contain walls of tightly joined cells form the.......
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blood-brain barrier
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the blood-brain barrier prevents most microbes from entering the......
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Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
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CSF can be romoved from the lumbar region of the spinal chord in a medical procedure called a
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spinal tap
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What is the peripheral nervous system composed of (PNS)
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motor nerves and sensory nerves
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What does a motor nerve do?
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Transfers commands from the CNS to muscles and other organs throughout the body
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what do sensory nerves do?
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transmitt information to the CNS concerning events in the body and environmental stimuli
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what do mixed nerves do?
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they carry signals both toward and away from the CNS
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Branches of nerves often merge together to form a...
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nerve plexus
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the entire nervous system is composed of two types of cells, what are they?
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Neuroglia and Neurons
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......are supporting cells that provide scaffoilding, insulation, nutrition, or defense
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Neuroglia
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...are cells that generate and transmit nerve impulses
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Neurons
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grouped together, nerve cell bodies form a.....
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ganglion
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extensions from nerve cells....a long one and shorter ones
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dendrites are the short extensions, while the axon is the longer extension
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What does the dendrite do?
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Carries impulses toward cell body.
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What does the axon do?
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Carries impulses away from cell body
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What is axonal transport?
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the cytoskeleton transport of substances, within an axon
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The terminal ends that form junctions with muscle cells, gland cells, and other neurons is called
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synapses
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the space between an axon and a neighboring cell is called....
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synaptic cleft
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The bridge the gap of the synaptic cleft, what is needed for communication to take place?
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neurotransmitters
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the central nervous system is an axenic environment...which means....
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it has no normal microbiota
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microbes in the blood or lymph my penetrate the blood-brain barrier by infecting and killing cells of the meninges, causing what
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meningitis
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this is an inflammatory bacterial infection of the meninges, most commonly the pia and arachnoid mater, an increased number of white blood cells in the CSF is charcteristic, somtimes petechiae may occcure, what am I?
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bacterial meningitis
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small hemorrages of blood vessels in the skin is...
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petechiae
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infection of the brain is called........
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encephalitis
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Name some bacteria that cause meningitis
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Streptococcus pnemoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Streptoccocus agalactiae
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Which meningitis bacteria enters the body through contaminated food or drink, and causes a form of meningitis called listeroisis
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Hansen's Disease is also known as.....
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Leprosy
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What bacterial causes Hansels Disease (Leprosy)
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Mycobacterium leprae
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Patients with a strong cell-mediated immune response to leprosy develop a non progressive form of the disease called....
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tuberculoid leprosy
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patients with a weak cell-mediated response to leprosey develop...........
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lepromatous leprosy
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diagnosis of leprosy is based on loss of sensation, disfigurement, and the rpesence of...........
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Acid-fast rods (AFRs)
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________is not an infection, but instead an intoxication cause by a________ of _________
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Botulism, Neurotoxin, Clostridium botulinum
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what does Botulism do?
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it progressively paralyzes skeletal muscles
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What are the three forms of bolulism?
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food-born, infan, and wound botulism
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What does treatment of botulism entail?
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1. repeated washing of the intestinal tract to remove Clostridium
2. administration of botulism immune globulin intraveneously (BIG-IV) 3. administration of antimicrobial drugs, in infant and wound botulism |
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Tetanus is caused by what?
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Clostridium tetani
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severe muscle contraction, initially affecting the jaw, and neck muscles (called lockjaw) are symptoms of...........
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tetanus
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tetanospasmin is a neurotoxin associated with...
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tetanis
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why are there more viral infections of the nervous system, than bacterial or fungal infections?
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viruses are smaller than cels, they can more readily cross the blood-brain barrier
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......this kind of meningitis is more common thanbacterial and gungal meningitis, and is usually milder
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viral meningitis
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what is another name for viral miningitis?
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aseptic meningitis
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about 90% of cases of viral meningitis occurs from....
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enteroviruses
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poliovirus is also called by this same genre of virus that causes viral meningitis it is.........
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enterovirus
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polio is also known as
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poliomyelitis
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poliomyelitis (polio) comes in 4 forms....they are
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1. asymptomatic infection (90%)
2. minor polio 3. nonparalytic polio 4. paralytic polio |
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..........this is a muscle deterioration that affects polio patients 30-40 years after their original illness
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Postpolio syndrome
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._____ virus is a negative, ssRNA virus in the genus Lyssavirus
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Rabies
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this is a degenerative neurologic disease characterized by pain or itching at the site of infection,
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rabies
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rabies is ______, that is , a dieseas spread from animal reservoirs to humans
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zoonosis
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Anthropod-born viruses, called ________ are transmitted between
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arboviruses
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What are some examples of arboviral encephalitis?
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Eastern equine encephalitis and West Nile virus
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Fungi rarely infect the central nervous system, occasionally ______ (fungal diseases) spread from the lngs via the blood to the meninges.
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mycoses
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what causes cryptococcal meningitis?
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Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast
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Protozoan infections of the nervous system are relatively _________
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rare
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What causes African sleeping sickness?
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Trypanosoma brucie
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What is the fly that spreaks african sleeping sickness?
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tsetse fly
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african sleeping sickness is characterized by....
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fever, swollen lymph nodes and headaches
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What to amoebae cause PAM (primary amebic menigoencephalopathy)
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Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
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What is a prion?
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an infectious protein
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In sheep prions cause a disease called _________
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scrapie
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in cattle prions cause........
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mad cow disease
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Bothe scapie and mad cow disease are classified
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spongiform encephalpathies
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________ disease is a naturally occuring dementia that strike about one person in a million at approximately 60 years of age
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Creutzfeldt-Jacok
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________is contracted from eating the contaminated meat of animals infected with preions
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new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease
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the _______ tunic of the eye provides a tough barrier against microbes
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fibrous
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the fibrous tunic consists of
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sclera and cornea
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the ________ lines the back side of the yelids and all but the center of the cornea
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conjunctiva
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interior of they has two fluid filled chambers called
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humors
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the back inner wall of the eye is the_______
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retina
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______is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans
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trachoma
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_________is responsible for trachoma development in new borns
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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________is an inflamaton of the conjunctiva due to infection with any of a variety of bacteria, fungi viruses or protozoa, also known as pink eye
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conjunctivitis
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____is the infflamation of the cornea
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keratitis
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