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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the types of testicular infections? |
- Acute bacterial epididymo-orchitis: spread from urethra & lower urinary tract. Due to gonococci, chlamydia & E. coli - Viral orchitis: infection by mumps virus after puberty - Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis: spread via bloodstream to epididymis during active TB
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What are the types of intrascrotal lesions? |
- Hydrocoele: increased serious fluid within the tunica vaginalis - Haematocoele: blood within the tunica vaginalis - Spermatocoele: semen accumulates in spermatic cord due to dilatation of ducts in the head of the epididymis - Chylocoele: lymph in the tunica albuginea due to obstruction ~ parasitic worm infection - Varicoele: varicose pampiniform venous plexus in the spermatic cord ~ 'bag of worms' - Inguinal Hernia: herniation where a loop of intestine enters the inguinal canal
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What are the types of germ cell tumours? |
1. Seminoma: totipotent germ cells differentiate to spermatocytic cell lines ~ young men with good prognosis 2. Spermatocytic seminoma: totipotent germ cells differentiate to spermatocytic cell lines ~ elderly men with good prognosis 3. Teratoma: primitive totipotent cells differentiate to embryonal tissues - Mature somatic elements: occur in young with good prognosis - Immature somatic elements: occur in 30 yr old males with poor prognosis 4. Yolk sac tumour: primitive totipotent germ cells differentiate into extraembryonic tissue ~ good prognosis 5. Choriocarcinoma: primitive totipotent germ cells differentiate into extraembryonic tissue ~ poor prognosis 6. Embryonal carcinoma: no specific differentiation ~ highly malignant |
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What are the types of sex cord & stromal tumours? |
- Interstitial cell tumour: cancer of Leydig cells - Sertoli cell tumour: benign tumour |
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What is acute prostatitis? |
It is inflammation of the prostate due to infections such as E. coli and Chlamydia. It occurs after acute infection in bladder/urethra. - enlarged and painful prostate |
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What is chronic prostatitis? |
Progression of acute prostatitis due to TB infection - hard & shrunken prostate containing calcified concretions, CI infiltrate & scarring |
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What is benign prostate hyperplasia? |
An increase in cell number of glandular and stromal components. - Raised oestrogen levels - Mostly men over the age of 70 - Symptoms: poor stream, frequency, nocturia, dysuria & prostatitis. - Treatment: TURP - Good prognosis |
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What are the features of carcinoma of the prostate? |
- Mostly commonly adenocarcinomas - Causes: genetics, exposure to cadmium, raised testosterone levels & decreased immunological surveillance - Slow growing tumour - Symptoms present in advanced disease, these can include back pain, weight loss & anaemia - Prognosis is good for early stage and poor for late stage, overall 5yr survival is 25% |
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What are the types of penile disorders? |
- Hypospadias: urethra opening on the ventral (underside) surface of penis - Epispadias: urethra opening on the dorsal (upperside) surface of the penis - Phimosis: an abnormality of the foreskin leading to non-retractable or tight prepuce - Urethritis: infections of the penile urethra. Due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae & Chlamydia - Balanitis: infections of the glans & foreskin. Due to pyogenic & anaerobic bacteria - SCC of Penis: due to inadequate hygiene & presence of prepuce |
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What are the features of SCC of the vulva? |
- Usually elderly women - Good prognosis if there is no invasion into bladder and rectum - VIN is a risk factor - Increase SCC progression if smoking |
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What is the epidemiology of SCC of the vagina? |
- Rare, more common as secondaries from cervix, endometrium & ovaries |
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What are the features of carcinoma of the cervix? |
- Peak incidence around 50 years old - HPV is a risk factor - Linked with sexual activity, early age of 1st intercourse or pregnancy, multiparity - Usually occurs at squamocolumnar junction - Mostly SCC - Symptoms: vaginal bleeding & purulent discharge - Prognosis & treatment is variable |
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What is Endometriosis? |
Ectopic endometrium developing outside of the uterine cavity - Endometriosis interna: in myometrium - Endometriosis externa: outside uterine wall |
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What are the theories of Endometriosis? |
- Retrograde menstruation: reflux of shedding endometrium during menstruation through fallopian tubes into the peritoneum - Metaplasia theory: metaplasia of peritoneal epithelium may cause differentiation into endometrial tissue - Metastatic theory: Endometrium spreads to distant sites via lymphatics or blood vessels |
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What are the features of carcinoma of the endometrium? |
- Most common tumour of female genital tract - Mostly adenocarcinomas - Poor prognosis if post-menopause & good prognosis if close to menopause - Causes: hyperoetrinism, obesity, nulliparity, infertility & genetic factors - Symptoms: unusual bleeding, leukorrhea & general pain - Treatment: surgery, radiotherapy & chemo - Prognosis dependent on stage |
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What is a fibroleiomyoma of the uterus? |
It is an oestrogen-dependent benign tumour ~ not pre-malignant but causes discomfort |
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What is Stein-Leventhal Syndrome? |
It is the formation of multiple ovarian follicular cysts (polycystic ovarian syndrome) - Occurs between ages of 20-30 years old - Causes include obesity, hirsutism, irregular periods or amenorrhoea - Treatment involves exogenous hormone administration to correct imbalance |
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What are the theories of Stein-Leventhal Syndrome? |
1. Defect in hypothalamic pituitary axis 2. Defect in ovarian steriodogenesis may favour androgen production 3. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissue |
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What are the types of ovarian tumours |
- Surface epithelium - Sex-cord & Stromal - Germ cell |
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What are the types of surface epithelial tumours? |
1. Tubal differentiation: serous ovarian tumour with OS 5yr 20% 2. Endocervical differentiation: mucinous ovarian tumour (benign or malignant) with OS 5yr 35% 3. Endometrial differentiation: Endometrioid or clear cell ovarian tumour with OS 5yr 40% 4. Transitional differentiation: Brenner ovarian tumour (benign or malignant) with good prognosis
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What are the types of sex-cord & stromal tumours? |
- Fibromas: benign & post-menopausal - Thecomas: benign, solid, produce oestrogen & seen in young women - Granulosa cell: benign, good prognosis, mostly post-menopausal, young girls & produce oestrogen |
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What are the types of germ cell tumours? |
- Teratomas: mostly benign - Yolk sac: rare & highly malignant - Choriocarcinoma: rare, highly malignant & composed of trophoblastic cells |
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What are the features of ovarian cancer? |
- Poor prognosis due to late diagnosis: OS 5yr is 40% - Idiopathic, genetic predisposition & nulliparity - Main complaint of general abdominal pain & discomfort |
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What are the types of tumours of the breast? |
- Fibroadenomas: benign, firm & mobile tumour - DCIS: arise from ducts & are a palpable lump - LCIS: arise from lobules, mammographic abnormality not a palpable lump - Invasive ductal carcinoma: dense fibrous stroma & islands of cells ~ most common - Invasive lobular carcinoma: dense fibrous stroma & narrow cords of cells - Tubular carcinoma: composed of cells that form regular tubular structures - Mucoid carcinoma: composed of cells that secrete mucin into stroma - Medullary carcinoma: well-circumscribed masses ~ soft & fleshy texture
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