Kinesiology Lecture Exam

Front 1

Functions of skeletal system

Back 1

•Support & shape for body •Protects vital organs •Assists in movement •Manufacture blood cells •Stores calcium & other minerals

Front 2

structure of bone

Ccedmep

Back 2

•Compact bone (hard thick bone) •Cancellous bone (spongy more hollow) •Epiphysis (widened area at the end of long bones) •Diaphysis (main shaft of the bone) •Medullary canal (inner lining of the diaphysis) •Endosteum

•Periosteum (both vascularized and innervated)-great blood supply (heals quickly)

-serves as an attachment sight for tendons

Front 3

Types of Bones

Back 3

•Long-only in appendicular skeleton •Short-(more cubed like. Tarsals and carpals) •Flat-generally curved. Broad and thin. serve in protection (ribs, skull) Broad flat areas for muscle attachments •Irregular -nonirregular bones in appendicular skeleton •Sesamoid (petalla, pisiform) incased within a tendon -protect tendon -give them mechanical adv.

Front 4

•Joint: connection between 2 bones

functions?

Back 4

•ALLOW MOTION •Bear weight •Provide stability

Front 5

Axialskeleton (80 bones)

•Head •Thorax •Trunk

Front 6

•Appendicularskeleton (126 bones)

•Extremities

Front 7

Fibrous

Back 7

•Synarthrosis •Syndesmosis •Gomphosis

Front 8

Synarthrosis (suture)

Back 8

•Fibrous periosteum between bones

•Sutures of skull

Front 9

Syndesmosis (ligamentous)

Back 9

•Fibrous stability

•Interosseous membranes

•Distal tibiofibular joint

Front 10

Gomphosis

Back 10

•Between tooth & dental socket in maxilla & mandible

Front 11

Cartilaginous/ Ampiarthrodial

Back 11

-Hyaline or fibrocartilage between two bones

-Small degree of motion & compression allowed

-Very stable

Front 12

Synovial / Diarthrodial

Back 12

•No direct union between bony ends

•Cavity/ capsule filled with synovial fluid

•Articulating ends of bones covered with hyaline or articular cartilage

•Limited stability but allows free motion

Front 13

Plane joint (nonaxial)

Back 13

•Motion is linear

•Flat joint surfaces

•Motion occurs secondary to other motions

•Carpal & tarsal bones

Front 14

Hinge joint (uniaxial)

Back 14

•Motionoccurs in one plane & around one axis

•Humeroulnar joint, IP joints

•*Knee not a true hinge*

Front 15

Pivot joint (uniaxial)

Back 15

•Pivot motions occur in the transverse plane

•Proximal radioulnar joint & atlantoaxial joint (c1, c2)

Front 16

Condyloid Joint (biaxial)

Back 16

•Motion occurs in two different directions

•Wrist& MCPs

Front 17

Saddle Joint (biaxial)

Back 17

•Bones fit together like horse back rider in a saddle

•Allows motion in two directions +

•CMC of the thumb

Front 18

Ball & Socket Joint (triaxial)

Back 18

•Allowsmotion to occur actively in all three planes (Hip & GHJ)

Front 19

Joint Structure

Back 19

•Articulating bones (shape will dictate amount of mobility / stability)

•Ligaments(limit excessive movement)

Front 20

Capsule (surrounds joint)

Back 20

•Outer fibrous layer reinforced by ligaments

•Inner layer lined with synovial

membrane(lubrication of the joint)

Front 21

Cartilage

Back 21

dense,fibrous connective tissue which can withstand compression or tension

Front 22

Hyaline / articular

Back 22

covers bone ends

Front 23

Fibrocartilage

Back 23

shock absorber / force distributer (knee,lubrum, hip, intervertebral disc)

Front 24

Elastic cartilage

Back 24

maintain structures shape (external ear, larynx)

Front 25

Sagittal Plane

Back 25

•Divides body into right & left halves

•Flexion & extension

•Medial lateral axis

Front 26

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Back 26

•Divides body into anterior & posterior sections

•Abduction & Adduction

•Anterior to posterior axis

Front 27

•Transverse/ Horizontal Plane

Back 27

•Divides body into top & bottom

•Rotation

•Longitudinalaxis

Front 28

Axes of Motion

Back 28

Points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates

Front 29

Frontal plane =

Back 29

Sagittal axis

ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS

Front 30

Sagittal plane =

Back 30

Frontal axis

MEDIAL-LATERAL AXIS

Front 31

Transverse plane =

Back 31

Vertical /longitudinal axis

VERTICAL AXIS

Front 32

POSTURE

Back 32

VertebralColumn (loookkkk doowwnnnnnnnnnn) wooooooottttttt

i should prob go to bedd....

Front 33

Cervical& lumbar curves = lordosis

Back 33

-Convex anteriorly

-Concave posteriorly

Front 34

Thoracic& sacral curves = kyphosis

Back 34

-Concave anteriorly

-Convex posteriorly

Front 35

where is COG located?????????????????????????

Back 35

just anterior to S2

Front 36

Curvedspine 10x more shock absorptive than straight / vertical column

Front 37

neutral pelvic tilt

Back 37

ASIS & PSIS are level in thetransverse plane or . . . ASIS oriented ~10 degrees below PSIS in transverseplane

Front 38

R & L ilium symmetrical

what if asymmetrical????????

Back 38

lateral pelvic tilt

Front 39

Anterior Pelvic Tilt

Back 39

-ASIS move inferiorly relative toPSIS

-Increased lumbar lordosis

-CKC hip flexion

-Caused by trunk extensors and hipflexors

Front 40

PosteriorPelvic Tilt

Back 40

-ASIS move superiorly relative toPSIS

-Decreased lumbar lordosis(flattening)

-CKC hip extension

-Caused by trunk flexors and hipextensors

Front 41

Force Couples

Back 41

A couple is created by two parallel forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

Front 42

Anterior Force Couple: Hip Flexors (psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris, and TFL), and the spinal erectors.

Back 42

From the front, the hip flexors pull the pelvis down into anterior tilt. On the back side, the spinal erectors are pulling up on the back side of the pelvis to produce anterior tilt.These muscle groups work synergistically to produce one movement -AnteriorPelvic Tilt.

Front 43

Posterior Force Couple

Back 43

From the front, the rectus abdominus and external obliques pull upon the pelvis. From the back side, the gluteals and hamstrings pull down on the pelvis.

Front 44

By knowing how Force Couples work and which ones are affecting you, we can?

Back 44

improve the position of the hips, and therefore improve the alignment of your entire body.

*Better alignment equals fewer injuries, optimal muscle recruitment, and better performance*

Front 45

Primary antigravity muscles:

Back 45

Hip extensors

Knee extensors

Trunk/ neck extensors

Front 46

Secondary antigravity muscles:

Back 46

Trunk/ neck flexors & lateral flexors

Hipabductors / adductors

Anklemusculature

Front 47

Postural Sway

Back 47

Anterior-posterior motion of the upright body (~4cm)

Secondary to constant displacement and correction of COG within BOS

Controlled by ankle plantar & dorsiflexors

Front 48

Assessing Posture Plumb Line: Lateral View

Back 48

-Through the earlobe

-Through the tip of the acromion process

-Anterior to the thoracic vertebral bodies

-Through the lumbar vertebral bodies

-Through the greater trochanter

-Slightly posterior to the patella

-Slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus

Front 49

Assessing Posture Plumb Line: Anterior View

Back 49

-Head neutral & level

-Shoulders level & neither elevated nor depressed

-Sternum centered at midline

-ASIS level

-Legs slightly apart

-Knees neutral

-Feet with normal arches & slightly toed out

Front 50

Assessing Posture Plumb Line: Posterior View

Back 50

-Head neutral (extended) & level

-Shoulders neither elevated nor depressed

-Spinous processes centered at midline

-PSIS level

-Legs slightly apart

-Knees neutral

-Calcaneus straight

Front 51

Postural Deviations

Back 51

-Scoliosis

-Handedness Posture

-Excessive Lordosis

-Excessive Kyphosis

-Flat-Back Posture

-Genu Recurvatum

-GenuVarum

-GenuValgum

-PronatedFeet

-SupinatedFeet

-Hallux Valgus

Front 52

Scoliosis

Back 52

lateral curvature of the spine (lateral flexion and rotational deformity)

Front 53

Structural scoliosis

Back 53

irreversible lateral curvature with fixed rotation of the vertebrae

Front 54

Non structural scoliosis

Back 54

functional or postural scoliosis: reversible curvature which can be corrected

Front 55

C-Curve

Back 55

shoulder low on side of high hip

Front 56

S-Curve

Back 56

shoulder high on side of high hip

Front 57

Rib hump noted in thoracic spine during

Back 57

forward bending / flexion (ribs rotate along with vertebrae)

Front 58

Handedness Posture

Back 58

Dominant hand side shoulder slightly lower than contralateral shoulder

-Adducted Scapulae

-Lateral Pelvic Tilt

-Some Pronation at the Foot

Front 59

Excessive Kyphosis

Back 59

Compression fractures in the thoracicvertebral bodies are common in people with osteoporosis = Dowager’sHump

Front 60

Excessive Lordosis

Back 60

-ASIS should be between 0-10 degrees below PSIS in transverse plane

-Anterior pelvic tilt

-CKC hip flexion

-Increased lumbar lordosis

-Increased lumbosacral angle

Front 61

Flat-Back Posture

Back 61

-Posterior pelvic tilt

-CKC hip extension

-Decreaseof the normal lumbar lordosis

-Decreased lumbosacral angle

Front 62

Genu Recurvatum

Back 62

-“Backknees”

-Hyperextension of the knees

-ROM at tibiofemoral (knee) joint goes beyond 0 degrees of extension

Front 63

Genu Varum

Back 63

-“Bowlegs”

-Alignment of LE in which the distalsegments (feet) are positioned more medially than normal -Ankles touch while knees remain apart -“Rickets”in severe form

Front 64

Genu Valgum

Back 64

-“Knockknees”

-Alignment of LE in which the distalsegments (feet) are positioned more laterally than normal (more than a few cm)

-Knees touch while ankles remain apart

Front 65

Pronated feet

Back 65

-Look at calcaneus to be turned out (everted)

-Flattening of longitudinal arch

Front 66

Supinated Feet

Back 66

-Look at calcaneus to be turned in (inverted)

-High arches with WB chiefly on lateral aspect of feet

Front 67

Hallux Valgus

Back 67

-“Bunion”

-Deviation of big toe toward the midline of the foot (adduction at MTP)

-Frequently associated with bunion or callus near MTP joint

Front 68

Treatment

Back 68

-Properly identify impairments

-Mobility before strengthening (Dr. Vladimir Janda)

-Mobility

-Flexibility

-Activate & strengthen weak areas

-Body mechanics & dynamic posture -

-Ergonomic assessment

Front 69

Nervous

Front 70

central nervous system (process, interprets, and stores information, issues orders to muscles, organs, and glands)

Back 70

brain and spinal cord (bridge between brain and and peripheral nerves)

Front 71

peripheral nervous system (transmits info to and from CNS)

Back 71

somatic nervous- controls skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous (regulates glands, blood, vessels, and internal organs)

branches into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (homeostasis)

Front 72

Functions of the Nervous System

Back 72

Enables the body to react to continuous changes in its external and internal environment.

-Controls and integrates various activities of thebody: *Circulation *Respiration

-Composed of Neurons (nerve cells) and Neuroglia (non-neuronal, non-excitable glial cells)

Front 73

Dendrites

Back 73

receive impulses and carry to the cell body

Front 74

axons

Back 74

transmit impulses away from the cell body

Front 75

Myelin sheath

Back 75

increases the velocity of the impulse conduction.

Front 76

Node of Ranvier (electrical activity is generated here)

Back 76

Myelin is interrupted every half millimeter this break is the node of ranvier

Front 77

frontal lobe

Back 77

conscious thought and movement

Front 78

pareital lobe

Back 78

sensations of temp, touch, pressure, pain from skin

Front 79

occipital lobe

Back 79

vision

Front 80

temporal lobe

Back 80

hearing and smelling

Front 81

Thalamus

Back 81

Body Sensations

Pain Perception

Relay station for sensation

Front 82

Hypothalamus

Back 82

Hormones

Behavior

Front 83

Basal Ganglia

Back 83

coordination and movement

Front 84

Midbrain

Back 84

visual reflexes

Front 85

Pons

Back 85

bridge

Front 86

Medulla Oblongata

Back 86

Respiration

Heart Rate
Most cranial nerves come from this area