Chapter 8 The Muscular System

Front 1

Types of Muscular Tissue

Back 1

Skeletal Muscle-Striated/voluntary
Cardiac Muscle-Striated/Involuntary
Smooth Muscle-Nonstriated/Involuntary

Front 2

Function of Muscular Tissue

Back 2

Producing Body Movements
Stabilizing Body Positions
Regulating Organ Volume
Moving Substances within the Body
Producing Heat

Front 3

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 3

-Attached to Bones and moving parts of the skeleton
-Striated/Voluntary

Front 4

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Back 4

Found only in the heart
Striated/Involuntary

Front 5

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Back 5

-Located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways, the stomach, and the intestines.
-Nonstriated/Involuntary

Front 6

Connective Tissue Components

Back 6

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
(These 3 form tendons and attach to bones)

Front 7

Muscle Fibers

Back 7

Each skeletal muscle is a seperate organ composed of hundreds to thousands of cells, which are called Muscle Fibers

Front 8

Epimysium

Back 8

The entire muscle is wrapped in Epimysium

Front 9

Perimysium

Back 9

Surrounds bundles of 10-100 or more muscle fibers called fascicles

Front 10

Fascicles

Back 10

A small bundle of muscle fibers

Front 11

Endomysium

Back 11

Endomysium wraps each individual muscle fiber

Front 12

Sarcolemma

Back 12

Each muscle fiber is covered by a plasma membrane called a sarcolemma

Front 13

Transverse Tubules
(T tubules)

Back 13

tunnel in from the surface toward the center of each muscle fiber.

Front 14

Sarcoplasm

Back 14

The muscle fibers cytoplasm

Front 15

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 15

a network of fluid-filled, membrane-enclosed tubules that store calcium ions required for muscle contraction

Front 16

Myoglobin

Back 16

a. a reddish pigment, similar to hemoglobin in the blood
b. an oxygen-binding protein found only in muscle fibers

Front 17

Myofibrils

Back 17

cylindrical structures that extend along the entire length of the muscle fibers

Front 18

2 types of myofibrils

Back 18

thin filaments
thick filaments

Front 19

Sarcomere

Back 19

a contractile unit in a striated muscle fiber (cell) extending from one Z disc to the next Z disc

Front 20

Actin

Back 20

A contractile protein that is part of the thin filaments in muscle fibers

Front 21

Muscular Atrophy

Back 21

a wasting away of muscle

Front 22

Muscular Hypertrophy

Back 22

an increase of muscle fiber diameter owing to the production of more myofibrils, mitochondria, ect...

Front 23

Muscle Action Potential

Back 23

an electrical signal sent to a skeletal muscle so it can contract

Front 24

Motor Neuron

Back 24

The neuron that delivers a muscle action potential

Front 25

Motor Unit

Back 25

A single muscle neuron along with all the muscle fibers it stimulates

Front 26

Motor End Plate

Back 26

The region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal

Front 27

Synaptic Cleft

Back 27

The space between the axon terminal and sarcolemma

Front 28

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 28

The synapse formed between the axon terminals of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle fiber

Front 29

A motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle in the following way.....

Back 29

1. Release of acetylcholine-
2. Activations of ACh receptors
3. Generation of muscle action potential
4. Breakdown of ACh

Front 30

Acetylcholinesterase

Back 30

enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter

Front 31

Contraction Cycle

Back 31

the repeating sequence of events that causes a filament to slide

Front 32

4 steps of the contraction cycle

Back 32

1. Splitting ATP
2. Forming Crossbridges
3. Power Strokes
4. Binding ATP and detaching

Front 33

Muscle Tone

Back 33

A sustained, partial contraction of portions of the skeletal or smooth muscle

Front 34

Flaccid

Back 34

A state of limpness in which muscle tone is lost

Front 35

Creatine Phosphate

Back 35

Energy rich molecule that is unique to muscle fibers

Front 36

Creatine

Back 36

a small amino acid-like molecule that is synthesized in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.

Front 37

Glycolysis

Back 37

a series of cytosolic reactions that produces 2 ATP's by breaking down a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid

Front 38

Anarobic Cellular Respiration

Back 38

The process that occurs when oxygen levels are low as a result of vigorous muscle activity, most of the pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid

Front 39

Aerobic cellular respiration

Back 39

a series of oxygen requiring reactions that produce ATP in mitochondria

Front 40

Muscle Fatigue

Back 40

The inability of a muscle to contract forcefully after prolonged activity

Front 41

Oxygen Debt

Back 41

refers to the added oxygen , over and above the oxygen consumed at rest, that is taken into the body after exercise

Front 42

Frequency of Stimulation

Back 42

The number of impulses per second

Front 43

Myogram

Back 43

recording of a muscle contraction

Front 44

Twitch Contraction

Back 44

a brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron

Front 45

Latent Period

Back 45

a brief delay that occurs between application of the stimulus and beginning of contraction

Front 46

Contraction Period

Back 46

repetitive power strokes are occurring, generating tension or force of contraction

Front 47

Relaxation Period

Back 47

Power strokes cease because the level of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm is decreasing to the resting level

Front 48

Wave Summation

Back 48

when stimuli arrive one after another to cause larger contraction

Front 49

unfused (incomplete) Tetanus

Back 49

A sustainted but wavering contraction

Front 50

fused (complete) Tetanus

Back 50

A sustained contraction in which individual twitches cannot be detected

Front 51

Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers

Back 51

Resistant to fatigue and are capable of prolonged, sustained contractions

Front 52

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) Fibers

Back 52

Moderately high resistance to fatigue

Front 53

Fast Glycolytic (FO) Fibers

Back 53

Intense movements of short duration but fatigue quickly

Front 54

Isotonic Contraction

Back 54

the tension developed by the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle changes its length

Front 55

Isometric Contraction

Back 55

The tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved and the muscle does not change its length

Front 56

Intercalated Discs

Back 56

Iirregular transverse thickenings of the sarcoloma

Front 57

autorhythmicity

Back 57

Intrinsic rhythm of heart contractions

Front 58

Dense Bodies

Back 58

In smooth muscle, thin filiments attach to these structures

Front 59

Smooth Muscle Tone

Back 59

A state of continued partial contraction

Front 60

Origin

Back 60

The attachment of a muscle to the stationary bone

Front 61

Insertion

Back 61

The attachment of a muscle to a movable bone

Front 62

Belly

Back 62

The fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons

Front 63

Tenosynovitis AKA Tendonitis

Back 63

painful inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths and synovial membranes of the joint

Front 64

Prime Mover or Agonist

Back 64

Muscle that causes a desired action

Front 65

Antagonist

Back 65

Relax while prime movers contract

Front 66

Synergists

Back 66

help the prime mover function more efficiently by reducing unnecessary movement

Front 67

Fixators

Back 67

Stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more effeciently

Front 68

Bell's Palsy AKA Facial Paralysis

Back 68

one-sided paralysis of the muscles of facial expression as a result of damage or disease of the facial nerve

Front 69

Strabismus

Back 69

Two eyes are not properly aligned

Front 70

Hernia

Back 70

Protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it