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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscles compose nearly how much of the body's mass?
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Nearly half of the body's mass
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How many pounds of muscle (approximately) would a 150 pound person have?
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Approximately 70 pounds
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Muscles are _______ composed of multiple tissues
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Muscles are organs composed of multiple tissues
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What are muscles made of?
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Multiple tissues
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Primary function of muscles
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Contraction for movement
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In this course, what kind of muscles will we focus on especially?
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Skeletal muscles
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Muscle attach to bones via ________---
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attach to bones via tendons
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What are tendons made of?
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Dense regular connective tissue
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What happens for someone who has Huntington's disease or cerebal palsy?
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Their muscles flail about
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Muscles move bones by __________ on them
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pulling on them
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How many muscles are there?
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More than 650 individual muscles
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What CAN'T muscles do for bones?
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Can't push bones
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Innervate
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Nerves → muscles, glands
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Muscle functions:
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Produce body movements
Move fluids & foods through muscular tubes Maintain posture Generate body heat Stabilize joints |
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Bilaterally symmetric
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Having identical parts on each side of an axis
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What is a by-product of skeletal muscle activity?
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Heat is a by-product
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How do muscles stabilize joints?
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Prevent excess force from tearing joints apart
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Origin
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Muscle attachment to the more stationary bone
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Insertion
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Muscle attachment to the more movable bone
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What is another way to think of the origin for a muscle?
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As an anchor
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Think of a pitcher winding up to throw. Why is it good for muscles to be stabilizing his shoulder joint?
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They keep his arm from flying out of its socket!
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Muscles are dynamic stabilizers. Why?
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Muscles can change length
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What kind of stabilizers are ligaments? Why?
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Ligaments are static stabilizers cuz they won't give much at all
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"Biceps" =
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Two heads
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Latin word for arm
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Brachii
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How does your body regulate blood pressure?
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Controls constriction of blood
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3 types of muscle tissues
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Skeletal
Smooth Cardiac |
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Corocoid process
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Looks like a crows' beak.
On the shoulder |
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What are all three types of muscle tissue made of?
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Muscle cells/fibers
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What shape is a smooth muscle cell?
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Fusiform or spindle shape
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Tonic
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Continuous
ex: "To maintain posture, muscles are tonically active" |
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Why are muscles exothermic?
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They give of heat for the blood to carry. This is what makes humans warm-blooded.
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What shape are muscle fibers?
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Cylinders
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Where is the sternocleidomastoid muscle and what does it do?
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It's in the neck and it lets you nod.
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If you see the fine strands of meat on your chicken leg, what are you actually seeing?
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Individual muscle fibers of the chicken.
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The contractile ability of muscles is dependent on two types of ________________.
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dependent on two types of myofilaments
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What are myofilaments?
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Special contractile proteins
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Because of the latin terminology you're learning, you know what a sarcophagus is. what is it?
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Sarcophagus= "flesh eating"
Flesheating limestone coffin |
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"Myo"-
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Muscle
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"Sarco"--
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Flesh
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Use your latin knowledge. What does myocardium mean?
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Heart muscle
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Sarcolemma
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Muscle cell membrane
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Muscles come in a variety of shapes, depending on their ___________-.
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Depending on their function
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Three gross muscle shapes
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Bulgy, stereotyped muscle
Spindle-shaped Flat fan or circular shape |
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Example of a bulgy, stereotyped muscle
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Biceps
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Example of spindle-shaped muscle
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finger muscles
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Examples of flat fan or circular shaped muscle
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Skull muscles,
pectoral muscles, muscles around eyes or mouth |
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Sphincter
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Circular muscle which acts as a valve. Let's food into the intestine.
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Examples of sphincters (hint, they're both on the face)
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Orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris (oris purses lips)
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Fascia
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Outermost fibrous connective tissue coverings
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Function of fascia
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Help to separate individual muscles from one another and other tissues
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Within a muscle: skeletal muscle ____________ bundled together by _______________ sheaths to form muscles
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muscle fibers bundled together by connective tissue sheaths
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Endoymysium
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Encloses a single muscle fiber
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What kind of fascia is the hypodermis?
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Superficial fascia
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There's superficial fascia and then there's _______fascia
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deep fascia
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Unipennate
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"Half of a feather" shape
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Example of a unipennate muscle
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In forearm there's a muscle that contracts your thumb
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Bipennate muscle shape:
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Whole feather shape.
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Example of a bipennate muscle
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Rectus femoris on top of the thigh
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Multipennate muscle shape
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Look like feathers squished together
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Example of a multipennate muscle
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Deltoid muscle
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function of Perimysium
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Encloses a bundle of sheathed muscle fibers
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Which is a tougher membrane... the endomysium or perimysium?
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The perimysium is tougher
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What does a perimysium bundle muscle fibers together to form?
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to form a fascicle
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How many muscle fibers are in a fascicle?
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50 or 100 muscle fibers
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What does the serratus anterior look like?
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Looks like a serrated knife
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___________ of a motor neuron travels down to innervate individual muscle fibers
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Axon of a motor neuron
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Axon of a __________ __________ travels down to innervate individual muscle fibers
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Axon of a motor neuron
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Epimysium function
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Encloses many fascicles
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Which is tougher: the perimysium or epimysium?
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Epimysium is tougher
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Fibers depend on the strength of the ______
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Fibers depend on the strength of the others
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Shape of tendons
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cylindrical
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Describe aponeuroses
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Strong and sheet-like
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Aponeuroses:
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Flat band-like sheet of connective tissue
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Are aponeuroses muscle?
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No!! They are a very flat tendon
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Where's one place you would find an aponeurosis?
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Aponeurosis of external oblique
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What do tendons and aponeuroses connect to?
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They connect to bone, cartilage, or connective tissue coverings of other muscles
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The myofibrils are covered in these organs
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Covered in sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Sarcolemma
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Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
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Shape of skeletal muscle fibers
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Elongated, cylindrical
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How many nuclei in skeletal muscle fibers?
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Multi-nucleate
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Why are skeletal muscle fibers multi-nucleate?
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They're so long
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Where are the nuclei located in a skeletal muscle fiber?
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Peripheral location (just under the outer membrane)
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Why do the nuclei of a skeletal muscle fiber have a peripheral location in the cell?
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The muscle fiber doesn't have any room for nuclei in its main part
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"Muscle fibers have striped appearance". What is the word for this?
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Striated
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Voluntary
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Subject to conscious control
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How do skeletal muscle fibers compare in size to the other two muscle fiber types?
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Skeletal muscle fibers are the largest of the 3 muscle fiber types
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Maximum that a skeletal muscle fiber can grow
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Up to a foot in length
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Skeletal muscle fibers have rapid ________-ility.
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rapid contractility
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How easily do skeletal muscle fibers fatigue?
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Fatigue easily
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If you looked at the microscopic anatomy of a single skeletal muscle fiber, what two main structures would you see?
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Sarcomeres and myofilaments
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Sarcomere
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Basic microscopic contractile unit of a muscle
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What could sarcomeres be compared to?
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compare them to little train boxcars lined up end to end
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We can illustrate sarcomeres by thinking of little train boxcars lined up end to end. How does this illustration fail in one respect?
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There is no space between the "boxcars"
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Myofilaments
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Fine, straight filaments
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What are myofilaments made of?
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Special muscle proteins
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Two types of myofilaments in a skeletal muscle fiber:
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Myosin filaments
Actin filaments |
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Thick myofilaments are _________
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Thick are myosin filaments
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Thin myofilaments are ________________ filaments
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actin filaments
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Where are mitochondria located in a muscle fiber?
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Mitochondria on periphery of muscle fiber
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Thin myofilaments (actin): location
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Actin myofilaments are anchored in the ends of the sarcomere
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what are the ends of the sarcomere called?
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Z lines
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Why are Z lines named Z lines?
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They actually look like a Z
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Location of thick myofilaments
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in the center
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Myofilaments occur in what kind of pattern?
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Alternating parallel pattern
Thick-thin-thick-thin-thick etc. lined up next to each other along the length of a sarcomere |
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the filaments lie ___________ to one another
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lie parallel to one another
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The filaments lie parallel to each other, _____________-ing in their longitudinal extent to varying degrees
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overlapping in their longitudinal extent
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Filaments overlap in their longitudinal extent to varying degrees, dependent on what?
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Dependent on the relaxation/contraction state of the muscle cell
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If myofilaments partially overlap, what is happening to the muscle?
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It is relaxed
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If myofilaments have increased overlap, what is happening to the muscle?
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Varying degrees of contraction
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What happens to the sarcomere when a muscle contracts?
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The sarcomere shortens
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Go do the ADAM lab we never did. The one over the superficial muscles.
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Check
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Muscles are frequently named for:
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1. Location
2. Shape 3. Relative size 4. A bone they are near 5. Direction of their fascicles 6. Location of attachments 7. Number of origins 8. Combination of the above |
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Example of a muscle being named for its location
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Brachialis
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Brachium =
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arm
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Costa=
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Rib
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Two examples of muscles being named for their shape
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Deltoid and trapezius
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Where is the trapezius muscle?
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On your back
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Examples of muscles being named for their relative size (name two pairs)
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Gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus
Zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor |
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Muscles can be named for their relative size by being called "major" or "minor". There is another term that means "middle"
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Medius = middle
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Two examples of muscles being named for a bone they are near
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Rectus femoris
tibialis anterior |
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Examples of muscles being named for the direction of their fascicles
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rectus abdominis
transversus abdominis external oblique |
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Rectus=
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Rectus refers to fibers running parallel to the body midline
ex: rectus abdominis |
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Transversus=
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Running at right angles to body midline
ex: transversus abdominis |
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Oblique muscle=
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Running at an oblique angle to the midline
ex: external oblique |
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Use arrows to show direction of fascicles in a "rectus" muscle:
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↓↓↑↑
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If a muscle is named for the location of its attachments, what is the order of these two names?
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In order of origin, then insertion
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Insertion is always the part in a muscle that ______
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part in a muscle that moves
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Example of a muscle named for the location of its attachments
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Brachioradialis
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Why is the brachioradialis named that?
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Origin: brachial [arm] bone ; insertion: radius
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Three examples of a muscle being named for the number of its origins
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Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii Quadriceps femoris |
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What is the quadriceps femoris muscle?
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Includes vastus medialis, lateralis, etc. to make up the quads
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Think of names for muscles that have their action in the name
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Flexor
Extensor Adductor Aductor Pronator Supinator |
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Two examples of muscles named for their action
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Flexor carpi ulnaris
Pronator teres |
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Why is the flexor carpi ulnaris called "ulnaris"?
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It travels along ulna
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Function of flexor carpi ulnaris
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Flexes wrist
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An example of a muscle being named for a combination of reasons
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Extensor carpi radialis longus
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Dissect the name of the extensor carpi radialis longus
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Extend carpals, travels along radius, and longer than the extensor carpi radialis BREVIS
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you are ONLY responsible for studying the muscles in Figs 8.15, 16, and 17a for the LECTURE CL
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got it.
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Which muscles help you smile?
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The zygomaticus major and minor
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Tibial tuberosity (f.)
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Gives attachment to the patellar ligament
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Where is tibial tuberosity? picture it in yo' mind.
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Where is the infraspinous fossa? picture it in yo' mind
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Something separates the infraspinous fossa and the supraspinous fossa. What?
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the spine of the scapula separates
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Capitulum of humerus (f.)
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It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius,
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Location of capitulum of humerus (picture it in yo' mind)
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On the lateral side of humerus
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keratinocytes (f.)
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Form barrier against pathogens, UV radiation,
and water loss. |
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Diff between strain and a sprain
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A sprain is an injury in a joint, caused by the ligament being stretched beyond its own capacity.
A muscular tear caused in the same manner is referred to as a strain. |
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Spell the bone disease that makes elderly women breaks bones easily
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osteopOrosis
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