Chapter 29: Plant Diversity

Front 1

Describe four shared derived homologous that link charophytes and land plants

Back 1

1. Ring of cellulose synthesizing complexes

2. Peroxisome enzymes: minimize loss of organic products from photosynthesis

3. Similar structure of flagellated sperm

4. Formation of phragmoplast during cell division deacri

Front 2

Describe the characteristics desthat defines members of the kingdom Plantae

Back 2

Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs, cell walls made of cellulose

Front 3

Describe four characteristics that distinguish land plants from charophyte algae

Back 3

1. Alteration of generation and mc, dependent embryos

2. Apical meristems: embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots that supply cells for plant to grow. Allowed for maximization of exposure to environmental resources

3. Multicellular gametangia

Allowed for cross reproduction

4. Walled spores produced in sporangia

Allows sporopollenin to make spores tough and resistant to harsh environments

Front 4

Define and distinguish between the stages of the alternation of generations life cycle

Back 4

Haploid stage starts as single spore which undergoes meiosis to form a haploid gametophyte. Gametophyte produces gametes which fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. zygote undergoes mitosis to form a multicellular, haploid sporophyte - which releases haploid spores through meiosis.

Front 5

Define the term "secondary compound." Provide examples and explain their adaptive value.

Back 5

Products of secondary metabolic pathways that produce organic compounds common to all living things.

Ex. Alkaloids, terpenes, and tannins that defend against herbivores and parasites

Front 6

List and distinguish between the three phyla of bryophytes.

Back 6

Phyla Hepatophyla: liverworts. Liver shaped, flattened gametophytes

Phylum Anthocerophyta: hornworts

Lacks a seta, gametophytes grow horizontally, symbiotic

Phylum Bryophyta: mosses, gametophyte dominated

Front 7

Distinguish between the phylum Bryophyta and the bryophytes.

Back 7

Bryophyte refers to all seedless non-vascular plants and bryophyta refers to only one phylum of mosses

Front 8

Explain why most bryophytes grow close to the ground

Back 8

They lack conducting tissues to distribute water and organic compounds. as a result every cell must be near water and nutrients to survive

Front 9

Ecological and economic significant of bryophytes

Back 9

Ecological: retain nitrogen in soil. Sphagnum may form peat which is used for fuel, soil conditioner, and ordered corpses.

Front 10

Describe three traits that characterize modern vascular plants explain how these characteristics have contributed to their success on land

Back 10

Dominant sporophytes

Xylem and Phloem transports which allow plants to grow taller and thicker

1. Evolution of roots: provide better anchor for vascular plants for growing roller and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

2. Evolution of leaves: increased surface areas for plants to collect more solar energy for photosynthesis

3. Sporophylls and spore variations: led to flowers in angiosperms and increased genetic variation

Front 11

Distinguish between microphylls and megaphylls

Back 11

Microphylls are small, single veined leaves

Megaphylls are larger leaves with highly branches vascular system. Allows leaves to grow wider because it does not have to be close to veins to obtain solar energy

Front 12

Distinguish between homosporous and heterosporous condition

Back 12

Homosporous have one type of sporophyll that produces a bisexual gametophyte (egg and sperm)

Heterosporous plants have two types of spores (megaspores and microspores)

Front 13

Describe hypothesis for the origin of microphylls and megaphylls

Back 13

Microphylls: emerged as outgrowth of a stem 410 mya

Megaphylls: evolved as a webbing between flattened branches 370 mya (branches lying close to each other on a stem and branch overtopped other to develop a webbing)

Front 14

Explain why seedless vascular plants are commonly found in damp habitats

Back 14

Gametophores are fragile and can be easily destroyed in arid environments. Require water since they have flagellated sperm to swim to female gametangia

Front 15

Name the two classes of living seedless vascular plants

Back 15

Phylum lycophyta and phylum pterohyta

Front 16

Explain how vascular plants differ from bryophytes

Back 16

Vascular plants have vascular tissue which allows nutrients, water, and organic materials to be conducted to other cells. Bryophytes must live near the ground to obtain their nutrients