DNA in Forensic Science
Every organism contains cells within which an organic polymer called Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is found. This particular polymer is composed of the phosphate backbone part, deoxyribose sugar part and also the nitrogenous base part. According to Butler, (2010), the phosphate backbone and deoxyribose sugar components are constant in all persons and, therefore, biologists today utilize the nitrogenous base component since it helps in distinguishing different individuals. Indeed, this base is responsible for nucleotides that contain; cytonise, adenine, guanine or even thymine whose combination determines the exact coding capacity and function of the DNA as applied in forensic science. Today, DNA in forensic science is largely used to discriminate between persons, especially in proving if any blood relations exist among them. This is possible especially as techniques for analyzing and manipulating DNA get more durable and efficient by the day. It can include use of even the degradable samples like old hair in mitochondrial DNA since it is a hyper variable region, which has 5 to 10 times more mutilation rate than the nuclear DNA. It is also used to identify criminals. In this, professionals use DNA statistical results to narrow the probability that a certain person was at a crime scene. Further, it helps in building a national database of the violent crime offenders, which eventually aid in linking unsolved offenses with the profiled criminals. This follows the use of Combined Offenders DNA Indexing System (CODIS) loci for the investigator to acquire a frequency on which profiles match (Luftig & Richey, 2001). Population Evolution and Microbial Life Population evolution is manifest in all parts of the world. …show more content…
It is influenced by and influences a number of issues, among them being the microbial life. Starr, Evers & Starr, (2011) illustrates that biotic potential is the population’s growth rate under normal conditions. Notably, microbes possess some of the greatest biotic potentials as compared to large mammals.
Today, Microbiology has largely human welfare and health following their understanding the role these microorganisms in agriculture and food (Xu, 2010). Further, population evolution is a vital factor in devising important strategies for the protection, conservation and even maintenance of enhanced utilization of useful microbes. If this does not happen, populations would barely attain their biotic potential as there would be significant limiting factors. Also, population genetics provides the basis for tracking the evolution and origin of antibiotic resistance and that of infectious deadly pathogens. This would save the aged and children who would otherwise succumb to microbial diseases. Biological Diversity Evolution Biological diversity (biodiversity) mostly refers to the inconsistency amongst living organisms from various sources. In considering biological diversity evolution, it is important to understand that clusters of organisms are joined together by their universal inheritance. Though the past could sometimes be long enough for inherited characteristics to accumulate and therefore, both biological processes and normal relationships amongst organisms usually explain the evolution’s reality (Bellows & Fisher, 1999). Without a doubt, the main application of biological diversity evolution is to establish the origins and multiplicity of life. Among the example of the application of biological diversity, evolution today is the clear evolution of flight in reptiles, but not in frogs or even in most mammals. This owes to the fact that general principles can be based on the aspects of biological and organism processes which usual emanate from evolution. In addition, biological diversity is considered as the main force liable for human biodiversity, especially while evolutionary and short term adoption like in the case of runners. On this, runners …show more content…
Though it does not reveal the origin of their life, it helps in explaining why they look and behave as they do in addition to showing why some different plants or animals have similar behaviors or morphologies (Neal, 2004).
Among the examples of application of plant and animal evolution in biology today is the organizing principle. In this, clearer revelations can be achieved, establishing that all living organisms (plants and animals) existing today are descendants of those that lived in the past. It aids in understanding why and how the descendants’ linkages change over time, even as newer generations come across. Also, the understanding of the plant and animal evolutionary processes provides a comprehensive guiding framework for gathering of facts regarding the plants’ or animals’
Every organism contains cells within which an organic polymer called Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is found. This particular polymer is composed of the phosphate backbone part, deoxyribose sugar part and also the nitrogenous base part. According to Butler, (2010), the phosphate backbone and deoxyribose sugar components are constant in all persons and, therefore, biologists today utilize the nitrogenous base component since it helps in distinguishing different individuals. Indeed, this base is responsible for nucleotides that contain; cytonise, adenine, guanine or even thymine whose combination determines the exact coding capacity and function of the DNA as applied in forensic science. Today, DNA in forensic science is largely used to discriminate between persons, especially in proving if any blood relations exist among them. This is possible especially as techniques for analyzing and manipulating DNA get more durable and efficient by the day. It can include use of even the degradable samples like old hair in mitochondrial DNA since it is a hyper variable region, which has 5 to 10 times more mutilation rate than the nuclear DNA. It is also used to identify criminals. In this, professionals use DNA statistical results to narrow the probability that a certain person was at a crime scene. Further, it helps in building a national database of the violent crime offenders, which eventually aid in linking unsolved offenses with the profiled criminals. This follows the use of Combined Offenders DNA Indexing System (CODIS) loci for the investigator to acquire a frequency on which profiles match (Luftig & Richey, 2001). Population Evolution and Microbial Life Population evolution is manifest in all parts of the world. …show more content…
It is influenced by and influences a number of issues, among them being the microbial life. Starr, Evers & Starr, (2011) illustrates that biotic potential is the population’s growth rate under normal conditions. Notably, microbes possess some of the greatest biotic potentials as compared to large mammals.
Today, Microbiology has largely human welfare and health following their understanding the role these microorganisms in agriculture and food (Xu, 2010). Further, population evolution is a vital factor in devising important strategies for the protection, conservation and even maintenance of enhanced utilization of useful microbes. If this does not happen, populations would barely attain their biotic potential as there would be significant limiting factors. Also, population genetics provides the basis for tracking the evolution and origin of antibiotic resistance and that of infectious deadly pathogens. This would save the aged and children who would otherwise succumb to microbial diseases. Biological Diversity Evolution Biological diversity (biodiversity) mostly refers to the inconsistency amongst living organisms from various sources. In considering biological diversity evolution, it is important to understand that clusters of organisms are joined together by their universal inheritance. Though the past could sometimes be long enough for inherited characteristics to accumulate and therefore, both biological processes and normal relationships amongst organisms usually explain the evolution’s reality (Bellows & Fisher, 1999). Without a doubt, the main application of biological diversity evolution is to establish the origins and multiplicity of life. Among the example of the application of biological diversity, evolution today is the clear evolution of flight in reptiles, but not in frogs or even in most mammals. This owes to the fact that general principles can be based on the aspects of biological and organism processes which usual emanate from evolution. In addition, biological diversity is considered as the main force liable for human biodiversity, especially while evolutionary and short term adoption like in the case of runners. On this, runners …show more content…
Though it does not reveal the origin of their life, it helps in explaining why they look and behave as they do in addition to showing why some different plants or animals have similar behaviors or morphologies (Neal, 2004).
Among the examples of application of plant and animal evolution in biology today is the organizing principle. In this, clearer revelations can be achieved, establishing that all living organisms (plants and animals) existing today are descendants of those that lived in the past. It aids in understanding why and how the descendants’ linkages change over time, even as newer generations come across. Also, the understanding of the plant and animal evolutionary processes provides a comprehensive guiding framework for gathering of facts regarding the plants’ or animals’