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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM |
- transports escaped fluids back to the blood - plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease |
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LYMPH |
excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels |
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ANTIGEN |
- anything identified as foreign in the body - includes pathogens: bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites - also includes allergens: pollen, chemical, physical |
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LYMPHADENOPATHY |
swollen or enlarged lymph nodes |
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LYMPH CAPILLARIES |
- walls overlap to form flaplike minivalves - anchored to connective tissue by filaments - fluid forced along vessel by using smooth muscle - closed ended, not looped |
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VASCULAR BUNDLE |
place where lymph capillaries intertwine around blood capillaries to gather fluid (lymph) and bring to the lymphatic vessels |
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LYMPHATIC VESSELS |
- collect lymph from lymph capillaries - carry lymph to/from lymph nodes - return fluid to circulatory veins near heart by right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct |
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LYMPH NODE FUNCTIONS |
- filter lymph before being returned to blood - defense cells: macrophages destry foreign substances, lymphocytes provide immune response to antigens |
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LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE |
- kidney shaped - less than 1 inch long - contains cortex, medulla |
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AFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSELS |
- bring lymph to the lymph node |
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SUBCAPSULAR SINUS |
- space allowing for free movement of lymph |
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EFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSELS |
- carries lymph away from lymph node - fewer than afferent, causes flow to be slowed |
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TONSILS |
- located in oral cavity - trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials |
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SPLEEN |
- located in left hypochondriac region - filters blood - destroys worn out blood cells - forms blood cells in fetus
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THYMUS |
- located in sternum (mediastenum) - location where T-lymphocytes mature - functions at peak levels only during childhood - produces hormones (thymosin) to program lymphocytes |
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PEYER'S PATCH |
- found in wall of small intestine - capture and destroy bacteria in intestine
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INNATE DEFENSE SYSTEM |
- nonspecific - protect against a variety of invaders - responds immediately - mechanical barriers: skin, mucous membranes - cells/chemicals: inflammatory response, phagocytes, fever, NK cells |
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INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE |
- heat/pain/edema/red/restricted movement - prevents spread of damaging agents - disposes of cell debris/pathogens - sets stage for repair - neutrophils migrate to area by rolling along vessel wall, squeeze thru capillary walls, consume any foreign material present |
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PHAGOCYTES |
- cells such as neutrophils, macrophages - engulf foreign material into vacuole - lysosome enzymes digest materials |
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DIAPEDESIS |
process by which neutrophils move through capillary walls into areas of inflammation |
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INTERFERONS |
- complement proteins - group of at least 20 plasma proteins - activated when they encounter and attach to cells - damage foreign cell surfaces - release vasodilators and chemotaxis chemicals, cause opsonization |
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PYROGENS |
- secreted by WBC - resent hypothalamus heat regulation - allow for fever to create non ideal environment for bacteria - high temperatures inhibit release of iron/zinc needed by bacteria - also increases speed of tissue repair |
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ADAPTIVE DEFENSE SYSTEM |
- third line of defense - three aspects: antigen specific (recognize and act against particular substances), systemic (not restricted to initial infection site), memory (recognize and mount stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens) |
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HUMORAL IMMUNITY |
- antibody-mediated immunity (immunoglobin) - B lymphocytes bind to specific antigen, produces clones with the same memory |
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CELLULAR IMMUNITY |
- cell-mediated immunity (T and B cells) - kill infected cells like tumor, virus cells - insert perforin, "perforates" cell - helper T cells: recruit other cells to fight invaders - also suppress immune response when needed |
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ANTIBODY |
- AKA immunoglobin - protein used to flag and neutralize antigens such as viruses, bacteria - secreted by B cells - structure: 4 amino acid chains, linked by disulfide bonds - 5 major classes |
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SELF-ANTIGENS |
- surface proteins of humans used to identify our own cells - donor restrictions - can only accept donations of like tissues |
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ALLERGIES |
- many small molecules (hapten) link up with our own proteins, are not antigenic on their own - immune system responds, attacks our own cells - "autoimmune diseases" like grave's disease, rheumatoid arthritis |
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LYMPHOCYTES |
- T and B cells - respond to specific antigens - originate from hemocytoblasts in RBM - B cells - mature in bone marrow - T cells - mature in thymus |
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MACROPHAGES |
- widely distributed in lymphoid organs - remain fixed in those organs - secrete cytokines (protein important in immune response) |
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ACTIVE IMMUNITY |
- earned immunity - occurs at first encounter with antigens, antibodies produced - naturally acquired: during infection - artificially acquired: vaccines |
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PASSIVE IMMUNITY |
- antibodies obtained from someone else - naturally acquired: mother to fetus - artificially acquired: immune serum, gamma globulin - memory does not occur, antibodies are "borrowed" |
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AUTOGRAFTS |
transplant of tissue from one site to another on the same person |
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ISOGRAFTS |
transplant of tissue from identical person (twin) |
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ALLOGRAFTS |
tissue taken from unrelated person more successful with closer tissue match |
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XENOGRAFTS |
tissue taken from a different animal species (never successful) |
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IMMUNODEFICIENCY |
- production or function of immune cells abnormal - can be congenital or acquired - includes AIDS
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