Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Function of nervous system regarding peripheral structures and system |
Regulating/controlling |
|
|
Function of nervous system regarding internal and external environments |
Providing sensation |
|
|
Function of nervous system regarding sensory information |
Integration |
|
|
Function of nervous system regarding voluntary and involuntary activities |
Coordination |
|
|
CNS includes... |
Brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Somatic nervous system controls... |
Controls skeletal muscles
|
|
|
ANS controls... |
Controls smooth muscles and visceral organs |
|
|
Neuroglia basic function |
Support cells in the nervous system |
|
|
Neuroglia are not involved in... |
information processing |
|
|
4 functions of neuroglia |
1.) Secrete spinal fluid 2.) Blood-brain barrier 3.) Defense (phagocytes) 4.) provide support for neuron |
|
|
Blood-brain barrier function |
isolates neurons |
|
|
How do neuroglia defend neurons? |
phagocytes |
|
|
How do neuroglia provide support for the neuron? |
Myelin sheath formation |
|
|
Four types of neuroglia |
1.) Astrocytes 2.) Oligodendrocytes 3.) Ependymal Cells 4.) Microglia |
|
|
Two types of neuroglia in the PNS |
Schwann Cells and satellite cells |
|
|
Major functions of Astrocytes |
1.) maintain BBB 2.) guide neuron development 3.) repair damaged tissue 4.) control interstitial environment around neurons |
|
|
Oligodendrocytes form ____ in the ____. |
Myelin. CNS. |
|
|
Schwann Cells form ____ in the ____. |
Myelin sheet. PNS. |
|
|
An oligodendrocyte myelinates how many axons? |
Several |
|
|
A schwann cell myelinates how many axons? |
One |
|
|
When do schwann's cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS? |
During fetal development |
|
|
Myelin does what to the conduction of a nerve impulse? |
Increases the speed |
|
|
If the oligodendrocytes are damaged, what is the effect? |
decreased speed of action potential |
|
|
Multiple sclerosis is a disease of what? Due to? |
Myelin sheet is abnormal due to autoimmune bodies. (demylenation) |
|
|
Ependymal cells produce what? |
Cerebral spinal fluid |
|
|
Astrocytes are the ____ and most _____ of neuroglia cells in the ____. |
Largest. Abundant. CNS. |
|
|
Most abundant neuroglia cell in the CNS? |
Astrocytes |
|
|
Largest neuroglia cell in the CNS? |
Astrocytes |
|
|
Least abundant neuroglia cell in the CNS? |
Microlagia |
|
|
Microglia definition |
small phagocyte |
|
|
Nissl bodies anatomy |
Fixed and free ribosomes in the neuron. |
|
|
Nissl bodies are a common site of what? |
Protein synthesis in neurons |
|
|
Axon Hillock definition? |
Area that the axon connects to the cell body (soma) |
|
|
Collaterals of an axon? |
Branches that sometimes occur along the axon. |
|
|
Telodendria anatomy. |
Terminal end of an axon that contains a series of fine extensions. |
|
|
Where are neurotransmitters released from? |
Synaptic knobs
|
|
|
Where are neurotransmitters released to? |
Synaptic cleft |
|
|
Synaptic knob anatomy. |
Series of fine extensions at the axon terminal |
|
|
The synapse is the site of what between neurons? |
Intercellular communication |
|
|
Where does intercellular communication between neurons occur? |
Synapse |
|
|
How do rabies, herpes, and polio travel to the CNS? |
Retrograde transport (flow) |
|
|
Multipolar neurons |
Neurons have several dendrites and ONE SINGLE axon. |
|
|
What is the most common neuron in the body? |
Multipolar neurons |
|
|
Bipolar neuron |
Neurons have ONE axon and ONE dendrite |
|
|
Unipolar neuron |
Dendrites and axon are continuous. Cell body lies off to one side. |
|
|
Neuron cell body |
Soma |
|
|
Motor neuron |
Multipolar neuron |
|
|
Sensory neurons |
Bipolar and Unipolar neurons3 |
|
|
Axon of the unipolar neuron is found on |
the dorsal root of the spinal cord |
|
|
Cell body of the unipolar neuron is found on what part of the spinal cord |
Dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord |
|
|
Axon of the multipolar neuron is found on |
Ventral root of the spinal cord |
|
|
Cell body of the motor neuron is found on what part of the spinal cord |
Anterior gray horn of the spinal cord |
|
Identify A |
Multipolar neuron |
|
Identify B |
Bipolar neuron |
|
Identify C |
Unipolar neuron |
|
|
How does potassium establish the resting potential membrane of the neuron? |
Diffuses out of the cell |
|
|
How does sodium establish the resting potential membrane of the neuron? |
Diffuses into the cell |
|
|
How does protein establish the resting potential membrane of the neuron? |
Excess of negatively charged protein molecules in cell membrane |
|
|
The resting potential membrane of the neuron is established by what 4 things? |
1 Potassium out 2 Sodium in 3 Excess of negatively charged protein molecules in the cell membrane 4 Sodium/potassium pump |
|
|
Polarized cell regarding membrane |
charge imbalance across its membrane |
|
|
Membrane channels that are always open |
Passive or leak channels |
|
|
Chemically-grated channels can open and close. How? |
Binding of a particular substance with specific receptors |
|
|
Stimulus that opens the gated potential produces what? |
A graded potential
|
|
|
Opening of the chemically-gated sodium channels results in what? |
depolarization |
|
|
Closing of the sodium channels and opening of the potassium channels results in what? |
Repolarization |
|
|
Atthe end-phase of an action potential, additional POTASSIUM IONS exit from thecell membrane of a neuron results in what? |
Hyperpolarization |
|
|
Why does hyperpolarization occur? |
Chemically-gated potassium channels stay open after repolarization |
|
|
Chemical and electrical forces push ____ ions ____ the neuron |
Sodium. Into. |
|
|
Chemicalforces tend to drive ____ ions ____ of the cells |
Potassium. Out. |
|
|
Potassiumions are attracted to the ____ charge inside the cell. |
Negative. |
|
|
Where are voltage-regulated channels located? |
On the axon. |
|
|
Resting membrane mV? |
70 mV |
|
|
What helps maintain the resting membrane at 70 mV? |
Sodium-potassium exchange pump |
|
|
What is required for the sodium-potassium pump to operate? |
ATP |
|
|
What do cholinergic receptors react to? |
Acetylcholine |
|
|
What happens when cholinergic receptors are stimulated? |
Sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron |
|
|
All or none principle |
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce IDENTICAL action potentials |
|
|
All or none principle is a unique feature of what? |
Action potential |
|
|
Graded potential includes what three phases? |
Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization |
|
|
Graded potential regarding membrane surface |
Cannot spread across |
|
|
Detrimental effect |
Graded potential becomes weaker and weaker and finally disappears |
|
|
When do voltage-gated channels open? |
Whena depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold |
|
|
What would make the refractory period longer? |
If voltage-gated channels failed to inactivate |
|
|
Step 1 in the generation of an action potential |
A graded depolarization brings an area of excitable membrane to its threshold. |
|
|
Step 2 in the generation of an action potential |
Voltage-gated sodium channels open. Sodium ions enter the cell and Depolarization occurs. |
|
|
Step 3 in the generation of an action potential |
Sodium channels close. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell (repolarization). |
|
|
Step 4 in the generation of an action potential |
Sodium channels regain their normal function. Temporary hyperpolarization occurs. |
|
|
Put steps of action potential in order: 1.) Sodium channels regain their normal function. Temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 2.) Sodium channels close. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell (repolarization). 3.) A graded depolarization brings an area of excitable membrane to its threshold. 4.)Voltage-gated sodium channels open. Sodium ions enter the cell and Depolarization occurs. |
3, 4, 2, 1 |
|
Identify Step 1 |
Stimuluscauses depolarization from resting membrane potential to threshold |
|
Identify Step 2 |
Depolarization occurs (Voltage-gated channel Na+ activation gatesare open) |
|
3 |
Voltage gated channel Na+ activation gates close and Voltage-gated channel K+ channel open |
|
4 |
Hyperpolarization |
|
|
Continuous conduction |
localcurrents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continueto be generated along the membrane |
|
|
Saltatory conduction |
action potentials occur at SUCCESSIVE NODES along the length of the stimulated axon. (Jumping between schwann cells) |
|
|
Why can neurons NOT regenerate? |
Lack of centrioles |
|
|
Factors that influence the time necessary for a nerve pulse? |
Presence or absence of myelin sheath. Length of axon. Diameter of axon. |
|
|
Type A fiber characteristics |
Largest. Myelinated. |
|
|
Which type of fiber conducts the greatest rate of impulse? |
Type A |
|
|
Which type of fiber is responsible for relaying sensory information? |
Type A
|
|
|
What type of ion is required to release ACh? |
Calcium |
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released in the cholinergic synapse? |
ACh |
|
|
What is the most common type of synapse? |
Chemical |
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released in the adrenergic synapse? |
Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine |
|
|
Theeffect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on |
the characteristics of the receptor |
|
|
EPSP |
Excitatory neurotransmitter |
|
|
Examples of EPSP? |
Nor-adreneline and epinephrine |
|
|
Acetylcholinemay be an EXCITATORY or an INHIBITORY neurotransmitter depending on what? |
Kind of receptor at the synapse |
|
|
Restingmembrane potentials are greater/lesser in muscle fibers |
Greater |
|
|
Speed of conduction is higher/lower in themuscle fibers |
Lower |
|
|
Actionpotentials last shorter/longer in the muscle fibers |
Longer |
|
|
Musclefibers ONLY conduct action potential via continuous/saltatory conduction? |
Continuous |
|
|
NEURONSconduct using continuous/saltatory conduction |
Both |
|
|
Axonal Hillock
|
Theactual site of information processing in the nervous system |
|
|
Threshold |
The minimum amount of stimulus required to depolarize an excitable membrane togenerate an AP |
|
|
RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD |
The period of time during which an excitable membrane can respond again, BUT ONLY IF the stimulus is GREATER than the initial stimulus |
|
|
ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD |
The period of time during which an excitable membrane cannot respond again, regardless the intensity of the stimulus |
|
|
The period of time during which an excitable membrane can respond again, BUT ONLY IF the stimulus is GREATER than the initial stimulus |
RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD |
|
|
The period of time during which an excitable membrane cannot respond again, regardless the intensity of the stimulus |
ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD |
|
|
Definition of a nerve impulse |
Action potential travelling along the axon |
|
|
When do EPSPs occur? |
When sodium channels open (Depolarization) |
|
|
When do IPSPs occur? |
When potassium channels open. (Local hyperpolarization) |
|
|
Two advantages of electrical synapses |
Faster communication and synchronization |
|
|
Correct order of STEPSinvolved in transmission at the CHOLINERGIC synapse: 1.) ACh is released from vesicles byexocytosis. ACh bindsto receptors on the postsynaptic neuron membrane 2.) Acetylcholineis DEGRADED by acetylcholinesterase. Synaptic knob reabsorbs choline. 3.) Chemically– Gated SODIUM channels on thepost-synaptic membrane are activated 4.) AnAP depolarizes the synaptic knobs at the presynaptic neuron membraneand calcium ions enter 5.) Calcium ions are REMOVED from the cytoplasmof the synaptic knob. |
4, 1, 3, 5, 2 |
|
|
Correct order of STEPS occuring during transmission atan ADRENERGIC SYNAPSE: 1.)Nor-epinephrine is released from the presynapticmembrane. Nor-epinephrine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuronmembrane 2.) CyclicAMP activates an enzyme that opens the chemically Gated SODIUM channels 3.)An action potential depolarizes thesynaptic knob presynaptic neuronmembrane. CALCIUM IONS enter the synaptic knob. 4.) Nor-epinephrineis degraded (inactivated) by the enzymes COMT and MAO 5.) Cyclic AMP IS ACTIVATED |
3, 1, 5, 2, 4 |
|
|
In an adrenergic synapse what enzymes degrade nor-epinephrine? |
COMT and MAO |
|
|
Temporal summation |
occurs when a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse BEFORE the effects of the first have disappeared |
|
|
occurswhen a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse BEFORE the effects of the firsthave disappeared |
Temporal summation |
|
|
Spatial summation |
the addition of stimuli arriving atDIFFERENT LOCATIONS at the same time to produce an AP |
|
|
the addition of stimuli arriving at DIFFERENT LOCATIONS at the same time to produce an AP |
Spatial summation |
|
|
Neuronsnormally derive ATP SOLELY through aerobic/anaerobic metabolism |
Aerobic |
|
|
Why do neurons normally derive ATP through aerobic metabolism? |
Neurons consume a lot of oxygen |
|
|
Use of ATP regarding neurotransmitters |
Synthesis, release, and recycling |
|
|
Use of ATP regarding action potential |
Recovery |
|
|
What is responsible for the movement of material to and from soma to axoplasmic flow? |
ATP |
|
|
ATP regarding sodium-potassium pump? |
Stimulation |
|
|
Wallerian degeneration |
deterioratingchanges at the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it andthe soma |
|
|
deterioratingchanges at the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it andthe soma |
Wallerian degeneration |
|
|
How do Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves? |
by forming a cellular tube or channel that can direct the growth of new axons |
|
|
A process in which the Nissl bodies break up into fine granular masses |
CHROMATOLYSIS |
|
|
When does pre-synaptic facilitation occur? |
releaseof SEROTONIN activates chemically-gated CALCIUM channels in the PRE-synaptic neuronmembrane. Channels are OPEN LONGER. Therefore, the post-synaptic neurons become more and moreexcited (EPSP) |
|
|
When does pre-synpatic inhibition occur? |
occurswhen the release of GABA inactivates chemically gated CALCIUM channel open, the post-synaptic neuronsbecome more and more inhibited (IPSP) |
|
|
release of SEROTONIN activates chemically-gated CALCIUM channels in the PRE-synaptic neuron membrane. Channels are OPEN LONGER. Therefore, the post-synaptic neurons become more and more excited (EPSP) |
Pre-synaptic facilitation |
|
|
occurs when the release of GABA inactivates chemically gated CALCIUM channel open, the post-synaptic neurons become more and more inhibited (IPSP) |
Pre-synaptic Inhibition |
|
|
GABA and glycine are... |
important inhibitory neurotransmitters |
|
|
Drug that blocks the formation of cAMP will prevent what neurotransmitters from stimulating a postsynaptic membrane. Why? |
epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. Because the release of nor-epinephrine requires the formation of second messenger cyclic-AMP |
|
|
Indirect action |
Formation of second messenger is required |
|
|
Direct action |
Does not require second messenger |
|
|
Glutamateand Aspartate are excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS |
Excitatory |
|
|
GABA and Glycine are excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS |
inhibitory |
|
|
Why is nitric oxide different from other neurotransmitters? |
itis not synthesized in advance and packagedinto the synaptic vesicles. Rather, it is formed on demand and actsimmediately |
|
|
Neurotransmitter that itis not synthesized in advance and packagedinto the synaptic vesicles. Rather, it is formed on demand and actsimmediately. |
Nitric oxide |
|
A |
Diverging circuit |
|
|
Circuit that is commonlyused to send sensory signal to multiple areas of the brain |
Diverging |
|
B |
Converging circuit |
|
|
Circuit that permitsmore effective stimulation or inhibition of the post synaptic neuron |
Converging |
|
C |
Reverberating circuit |
|
|
Circuit that is used to lengthen the output signal in physiological processes like regulation of the normal breathing pattern |
Reverberating |
|
D |
Parallel discharge circuit |
|
|
Circuit that isinvolved in precise activities such as mathematicalcalculations. |
Parallel discharge |
