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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What predisposing factirs are associated with uterine torsion?
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Predisposing factors:
• Greater than average foetal weight • Multiparous cow • Large, elliptical abdominal size may increase risk |
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What clinical signs would you expect to see in a cow with uterine torsion?
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What would determine your choice of treatment for uterine torsion?
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• < 90o – rotate foetus into normal position
• >90o - 270 – rolling, rotation (by hand or use of detorsion rod) • 360o – rolling or caesarian section – caesarian section is often preferable as the cervix will be frequently closed or poorly dilated |
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How would you proceed if you decide to detorse by rolling?
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• Cast cow on side of direction of torsion
• Place a plank on the paralumbar fossa region on which an adult stands • Tie front legs together and hind legs together • Pull legs up over the recumbent cow |
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How would you proceed if you decide to use a detorsion rod?
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• Used for torsions <270o
• A loop of chains is placed as proximal up the limb as possible, preferably on the distal presenting radius or tibia of both presenting limbs • Threaded through the end loop of detorsion rod or the centre of a metal speculum • A rod/large screwdriver is placed through the other end of the detorsion rod. • Chain wrapped around the detorsion rod in direction you want to rotate it. • Wind chain around the handle or through screwdriver to secure it and begin twisting, ensuring that uterus or vaginal tissue does not get caught within the twisting chain as this can cause injury and haemorrhage |
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What are some risk factor for vaginal prolapse?
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• Pluriparous derived overweight , Bos indicus derived, overweight, large
calves, steep terrain. • More common in beef than dairy cows • More common in late gestation but can occur following parturition or during oestrus • An association with high concentrations of oestrogen eg can occur in superovulated cows |
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What are some differential diagnoses for vaginal prolapse?
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• Rectal prolapse
• Vulvar haematoma • Neoplasia • Cystic vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands • Bladder prolapse |
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What are treatment options for a vaginal prolapse?
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• Apply epidural, clean and manually replace
• Bühner’s stitch – method of choice. Perivaginal purse string suture using umbilical tape • Vulval retention sutures eg shoelace pattern • Minchev procedure or Johnson Button • Permanent low epidural – alcohol to prevent persistent straining – welfare issue, last resort • Retention suture + caslicks • Vaginoplasty & vaginal resection • Transvaginal Cervicopexy – 2 #3 Vetafil sutures are inserted in the external cervical os, avoiding the lumen and anchored to the prepubic tendon • If late pregnant any retention suture must be removed close to parturition |
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Explain inserting perivaginal purse
string suture using Bühner’s technique |
A ventral stab incision is made through the skin just below the tip of the vulva. Bühners needle is inserted through incision and directed in an arc around vulva to exit dorsally. Buhner’s tape is threaded, drawn through to exit ventrally and the process repeated on the opposite side Suture encircles the vulva subcutaneously and is tightened and tied ventrally. Sufficient room is left for the cow to urinate
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How would you treat a vaginal prolapse in a sheep
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• Move to flat pasture
• Housed animals - exercise • Reduce fibre content of diet • Control nutrition to avoid overfeeding • Cull affected ewes – tends to recur • Use of retention sutures and devices |
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What are treatment options for a rectal prolapse accompany vaginal prolapse?
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• Small and intermittent – leave
• Purse string suture – leave enough room to defeacate, administer faecal softeners • Resection and anastomosis • Tourniquet – insert plastic tubing with half way point at the level of the anus, apply a rubber ligature or ligatures close to the anus. |
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What characterizes foetal mummification?
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• Death of foetus, in absence of air and bacterial contamination
• Cervix remains closed, no bacterial colonisation of uterus • Resorption of fluid, dehydration of foetus, uterus tightly adherent to foetus • Usually occurs at end of 1st semester, 2nd semester • Causes: viral infection eg BVD, foetal death • Clinical signs: anoestrous dam, uterus tightly associated with firm contents, no fluid detectable in uterus, sunken eye socket of foetus may be palpable, absence of fremitus, placentomes cannot be palpated |
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What are the treatment options for a mummified foetus?
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• Cull if economic/appropriate
• Prostaglandin F2 alpha – may be followed by foetal expulsion and rapid resolution • Hysterotomy via colpotomy (small mummy) • Caesarian – provided adequate exposure is possible. Complicated if foetus is macerated • Large mummified foetuses – probably a worse prognosis |
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What classifies foetal maceration and what clinical findings are associated with this condition?
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• Death of foetus, dilation of cervix with bacterial invasion of the uterus
• Sequale to abortion or dystocia Clinical findings: • Putrefaction of foetus – gas, variable fluid content, brown, malodourous vaginal discharge, uterus can feel distended with gas, firm or adherent to the foetus. Bone fragments may be palpable or imagable. • Fluctuation of uterine contents which are felt in a normal pregnancy are, noticeably absent • Absence of fremitus • Placentomes cannot be palpated |
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What treatment options for a foetal maceration?
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• Cull as prognosis for future fertility is likely to be poor
• Culling raises ethical questions – inform buyer -> if detected carcass is likely to be condemned • PGF2α – evacuation may fail due to poorly dilated cervix and inadequate uterine contraction • Caesarean – ventral midline approach to avoid contamination probably best |
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What is Hydrops allantois and what are some associated clinical findings?
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• Abnormal & often rapid increase in allantoic fluid after mid gestation in cattle
• Accompanied by abnormal placenta: adventitious placentation, reduced number of placentomes • Bilateral abdominal distension • Anorexia (rumen compression) • Increase in HR & RR, eventual recumbency and death • Rectal palpation: Tight, greatly enlarged uterus, difficult to palpate foetus |
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How would you treat a case of Hydrops allantois and what is the prognosis?
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• Gradual removal of allantoic fluid (catheter in lateral abdominal wall) with fluid replacement (orally or IV)
• Induction of parturition • Prognosis for future fertility – poor • Prognosis for survival of affected animals with appropriate treatment – guarded to poor |
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• More gradual onset
• Abnormal foetus – defective swallowing (deglutition), renal abnormality (dysgenesis, agenesis) • Pear shaped abdomen • Prognosis for future fertility good • Rectal palpation: placentomes and foetus palpable • Often deliver at term |
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What are some predisposing factors for pregnancy toxaemia in cattle?
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• Over conditioned beef cows in late pregnancy where feed intake is suddenly reduced or where in late gestation pasture quality and quantity are low
• Early autumn calving where adequate nutrition is not available • May be carrying twins • First calf heifers appear to be at greater risk • Gastrointestinal parasites eg ostertagia • Any condition which can reduce feed intake in late gestation |
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What are someclinical findings for pregnancy toxaemia in cattle?
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• Late gestation
• Reduced appetite, ruminal atony, lethargy, isolate from rest of herd • May present as recumbent cows • Ketonuria • Close to calving fat beef cows may show signs of aggression, restlessness, uncoordinated and stumbling gate |
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What are some differential diagnoses for pregnancy toxaemia?
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• Abomasal impaction
• Vagus indigestion • Chronic peritonitis • Ephemeral fever • Metabolic disease such as hypocalcaemia or hypomagnesaemia (can also occur concurrently) |
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How would you treat pregnancy toxaemia in cattle?
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• Bolus IV glucose or dextrose (250g; 500 mL of 50% solution)
• Glucocorticoid administration – induction of parturition • Glucogenic substrates: glycerol (500 g orally BID, propylene glycol (225 to 400 g orally BID). >800 g of propylene glycol can impair rumen function • Specific treatment for any concurrent disorder that has exacerbated the condition should also be undertaken Prevention: • adequate nutrition, balanced diet, prevent reduction of feed intake in late gestation |
