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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 5 - Political Authority |
Privy Council -Nucleus of firmly Protestant people -WALSINGHAM, mildmay and Sadler for example Cecil replaced by Walsingham as Sec. of State in ‘72 John Guy said there were an ‘inner ring’ of 8, including militant protestants like Mildmay along with the conservatives like Sussex. Guy said decision making was relatively cohesive. Adams said there as a ‘political homogeneity previously unknown’. |
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Who would succeed her? |
Not as big an issue after 1560, mainly out of fear of Liz reaction and by the time she reached 40 in '73, it was clear an kid was off the cards which meant a successor. Burghley was determined for it not to be mary QoS and her son James was unknown otherwise the list was no different other than J Grey dying Once more became crticile when in '79 Liz was declared able to bear a child and considering marriage to Francois, Duke fo Anjou. (made councillors +public nervous) but negotiations failed. |
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Relations between Crown and Parliament |
Often the House dealt with unruly MPs rather than the queen, as shown when they arrested Wentworth but Liz intervened with Cope and 4 of hiss supporters in 87. She often intervened to reject bills she didnt like and would refuse the royal assent (done to >60 during her reign) or deny the passage of laws. For example, she perused Cope's bill in 87. |
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Control of parliament through the privy council |
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Local Government - COuncil of Wales/Anglo-Scot Border/ Northern counties |
Council of Wales and the Marches - Less important than the north as Wales had been pacified and its political basis was insecure and often overruled by Westminster. Anglo-Scot Border - Only frontier with foreign state and was lawless. Liz appointed a trusted outsider, Lord Hunsdon and Sir Forster, consistent with her N. Policies, and being posted in the north was resented by the Southerners. N. Counties - Council of the North and acted as a crown agency far from London. It was considered a failure due to the 69 rebellion. Also very focused on attacking catholicism under Hasting. Reduced authority due to Westmin. |
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Different levels of local government - Judges, Lord Lieutenants, County Gov. |
Assize Judges - 6 assize circuits and supervised government - used to pass on instructions and advice Lord Lieutenants - Responsible for military organisation in each county. Also had deputy leaders and adviced on how to defend England. Effective structure for organising lcoal defence. County Gov - Sheriffs appointed by the crown on a yearly basis, declined in importance under liz replaced by Justices of the peace. |
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Different levels of local government - Courts, Local Government and Boroughs |
Church Courts - Social control of local communities Local and Parish Government - Supervised areas and maintained village stocks, genuine representatves of village communities Boroughs - Self-governing towns and often acted as JPs in their boundaries - subject to the Privy Council |
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Synopticity |
Haigh - Privy council had become 'dangerously weak and narrow' Success of government is 'overstated' Guy - The council 'got things done' Elton - Local government was a 'huge success' Apart from Cecil 'the rest of the council were second-rate men' |
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Chapter 6 - The Presbyterian movement |
This was the idea that the CoE should be further reformed along calvinist lines. (Puritans) It grew out of calvin’s views on Church organisation and discipline along with being a reflection of bitterness in congregations (especially London) to the Vestiarian Controversy. It was very marginal, mainly based in London and Cambridge but did have friends in high places. Only AB Grindal didn't actively pursue the Presbys but was suspended by Liz as he quarreling with her a lot in 77 - reinstated in 82 but then died in 83 |
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Two admonitions No. 1 |
After Cartwright's dismissal as professor by Whitgift (not AB yet - was from 83 to 1604) many young supporters openly opposed the CoE which led to the 2 admonitions to parliament in 1572. The first was written by Field and Wilcox and attacked 'superstitious' (catholic) practices, like kneeling in prayer and the observance of holy days. This was fine but it then called the BoCP an 'unperfect book' and said the Church Heirachy should be replaced by Calvin's Geneva Model. This infuriated the queen and its extremity meant it had little support, even Foxe and Sampson were anxious to distance themselves. Field and Wilcox were imprisoned for a year as punishment. |
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Two admonitions No. 2 |
The 2nd one was attributed to Cartwright but was likely written by Goodman. It wasnt scandalous like no.1 but instead detailed how a presb system would work. Whitgift provoked Cartwright into defending the admonitions and a pamphlet war began. Cartwright said a church founding on 'popish' principles was spiritually flawed but emphasised he wasnt making a 'seperation from the church'. Whitgift argued this was their 'whole intent'. |
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Whitgift’s Articles and the attack on Presbyterianism |
Whitgift was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1583 largely to combat Puritans as he likened them, in a sermon at St Paul’s Cross to ‘Papists, Anabaptists and Rebels’. Basically he said that anyone sympathising with the classical movement would not be tolerated. He issued 3 articles in 1583 to which the clergy had to subscribe - - to acknowledge the Royal Supremacy - to agree that the Prayer Bookend the Ordinal contained nothing ‘contrary to the Word of God’ - to accept that everything in the 39 articles conformed to the Word of God |
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Reaction to Whitgift’s articles |
2nd article created a crisis of conscience for many clergy who thought some parts of the book lacked scriptural justification. Whitgift wanted all or nothing but he had to back down under pressure from councillors like Leicester or Walsingham and agreed a modified form of subscription which led to many non-subscribers to the original articles signing up. |
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Whitgift’s victories and failures |
He secured the deprivation of Burghley’s protege, Gifford, and Cartwright was refused a license to preach. Church did pay a price though, moderates were tarred with the same brush as radicals which eroded morale in the clergy. He was regarded with suspicion by Liz’s ministers. |
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Presbyterian movement after Whitgift |
It was in decline by the late 1580s, and outside East Anglia its membership was non-existent. Very few puritans were prepared to break with the church. It was further weakened by the death of Field in 89 and its public opinion was poor. Whitgift’s bluntness was also replaced by a far more philosophical approach to combating presbyterianism. |
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Presbyterian Classes movement |
In the 80s the Presbys moved into classes with the most important 'classis' of 20 clergy meeting in Dedham. 2 attempts were made to organise these classes into an independent structure outside of the bishops through parliament (These were 'doomed to fail' - Tillbrook) 1584 - Turner introduced a bill to establish a 'genevan' prayerbook and a presby system of Church gov. - parliament refused to read it. 1587 - Cope makes the same proposal, with more support, but it is dismissed and Cope and Wentworth are sent to the Tower. |
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Puritans |
Puritanism was also declined as its main defenders, Leicester, Mildmay and Walsingham, all died in the late 80s. It further declined as the defeat of the Spanish Armada reduced the threat of catholicism. It still existed but was far more focused on a local level now. Mervyn - 'Elizabeth herself made puritanism more of a danger than it really was' |
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Seperatists |
It was a radical protestant move to separate from the popish CoE. They opposed Liz’s status as Supreme Governor. Emerged in the 80s in London and Norwich under Browne and Harrison after the attack on Bishop Freke. Declined over the 80s and Browne and Harrison went into exile in the Netherlands before quarreling after which Browne abandoned it and returned to England. Small numbers in London in the late 80s under Barrow and Greenwood. |
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Catholic threat - Missions |
No official attempts to combat the CoE until the foundation of an english college at Douai in 68 which was ‘an instant educational success’ (Haigh) and priests bgan moving to England to preach catholicism. By 1580 there were around 100 priests in England and while their work was limited at first they were followed by the society of Jesuits led by Parsons and Campion. Bossy argued that they did much to ensure the survival of Catholicism but Haigh was skeptical an said that it disappeared in ordinary folk as most priests could only work from Lords houses. "An act against Jesuits and seminary priests", passed in 1585, which made it treason for any Englishman ordained a Catholic priest abroad after 1559 to come into or remain in England and felony for anyone to shelter or assist such a priest. |
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Penal laws against Catholics |
Progressively severe laws were passed in the 70s/80s Started in 1571 when papal bulls were declared treasonous followed by the anti-catholic act in 1581which said it was treasonous to withdraw allegiance to the Queen or the CoE and while it was not treasonous to be a catholic priest it was treasonous to act as a priest. Mass was punishable by a heavy fine and imprisonment. |
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Religion Synopticity |
Doran - 'the danger from the english catholics was exaggerated' Haigh - 'the old religion would not die out, it had to be murdered' (Catholicisim) Elton - 'the number of english catholics did not increase' |
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Dangers from internal Catholic rebellion - Ridolfi Plot |
1571 - Banker from Florence who aimed to secure a landing for Spaniards at Hrwich who would overthrow Elizabeth and Marry QoS to the Duke of Norfolk, placing Mary on the throne. This plot was uncovered after the torture of one of Ridolfi’s messengers and while there is evidence Ridolfi may have been a double agent as Cecil was then able to execute Norfolk but Liz refused to accept the parliamentary accusation of Treason on Mary QoS. Guy - It was supported by an 'anti-Cecil and semi-catholic party' in court |
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Throckmorton Plot |
1583 - 2 part-conspiracy where spanish troops would land in Lancashire (nigh impossible) and forces led by the Duke of Guise would land in Sussex (more likely); Bossy said it was ‘a fairly near thing’ which would have support from Catholic lords like Arundel and Northumberland. It was broken as Walsingham had a mole in the French Embassy and Throckmorton confessed under torture. It was clear Mendoza (span ambas) was the principle conspirator who was then expelled. Arundel was imprisoned in the Tower. Bossy said it further poisoned Spanish relations. Led to exile of priests, treason to be a catholic priest and death for those who aid them. |
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Parry Plot |
1585 - Parry confessed to trying to assassinate the Queen - its mysterious as Parry was employed by Cecil to spy on Catholic exiles. One explanation is that Cecil and Walsingham were just trying to get rid of him as he knew too much or that he had converted to militant catholicism. Either way he was executred for treason |
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Babington Plot |
1586 - Babington was a young Catholic from Derbyshire with links to France, including to Mendoza. Gifford was uncovered and became a double agent, convincing Bab to carry on after he was also uncovered. Bab wrote to Mary asking for her approval but it was intercepted by Walsingham’s codebreaker, Phelippes. Walsingham waited for the reply to entrap Mary. Mary consented to Liz’s assassination in a reply and Guy said her complicity was ‘undeniable’. |
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Babington Plot trial |
Babington was swiftly executed. Guy said cecil was still seeking to destroy Mary QoS and the Babington plot allowed him to do that. Liz now had no reason to keep Mary alive but she was reluctant to execute Mary as it might imperil the long-term future of the monarchy. Mary was tried by 24 privy councillors and nobles and while Mary at first refused to cooperate she was convinced to and after 4 months of Elizabeth not giving a sentence (As she hoped Mary would instead be murdered) but she was finally given the death sentence in December and executed in Feb 1587. Starkey said it was difficult for Liz to finally agree to execute Mary QoS. |
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Synopticity - |
Babington Plot - Guy v Starkey Elizabeth had 'carefully contrived things so that she would win whatever happened' - GUY vs 'Cecil did not obey his queen' and ordered the execution when Elizabeth had said it wasnt to be carried out yet. -STARKEY |
