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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
aluminum uses |
antacids and buffered analegsics |
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bismuth uses |
peptic ulcer |
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lithium uses |
mania and bipolar disorders |
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gold uses |
artritis |
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toxic metal that mimics cadium, copper and nickel |
zinc |
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toxic metal that mimics thallium |
potassium |
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toxic metal that mimics manganese |
iron |
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toxic metal that mimics arsenate and vanadate |
phosphate |
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toxic metal that mimics selenate, molybdate, and chromate |
sulfate |
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metallothioneins |
metal binding proteins; essential to metal homeostasis and detoxicification; small, soluble, rich in thiol ligands; highly inducible by a variety of metals |
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transferrin |
glcoprotein that binds most of the ferric iron in plasma and helps transport iron across cell membranes |
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ferritin |
primarily a storage protein for iron; may serve as a general metal-detoxicant protein by binding a variety of toxic metals |
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ceruloplasmin |
copper-containing glycoprotein in plasma |
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metal-mediated oxidative damage |
may be carcinogenic; displace redox active essential elements; replaces but does not behave |
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exposure related factor of age |
fetal: toxicity of metals is well documented and many are teratongenic; younger subjects: often more sensitive to metal intoxication (neurotoxicity); elderly: more susceptible to metal toxicity than younger adults |
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exposure related factor or exposure |
metals can be reactive and site of entry is orften initially the organ most affected; children absorb more through gastrointestinal tracts |
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exposure related factors of lifestyle |
smoking or alcohol ingestion may have direct or indirect impacts on metal toxification; composition of diet can alter gastrointestinal absorption of various metals |
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exposure biomarkers |
concentration in blood or urine; expression of genes that play protective roles against metal toxicity |
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strategy most commonly used for the excretion of metals |
metal chelators: binds to metals; sulfhydrl groups |
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arsenic |
metalloid; inorganic trivalent compounds: arsenic trioixde and sodium arsenite; inorganic pentavalent compounds: sodium arsenate , arsenic acid, and pentoxide |
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methylation of inorganic arsenic |
trivalent methylated arsenicals are highly toxic |
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trivalent compounds of arsenic |
thiol reactive and can inhibit enzymes or alter proteins |
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pentavalent arsenate |
uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by substitution of arsenate for inorganic phosphate in the formation of ATP |
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treatment of acute arsenic poisoning |
oral chelators penicillamine and succimer (DMSA or DMPS) |
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lead |
primarily exists in the divalent form (Pb2+); not biodegradable; absorption can be enhanced by low dietary iron and calcium |
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lead toxicity |
may act as a surrogate for calcium and disrupt calcium homeostasis |
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lead poisoning treatment |
chelation therapy; oral chelating agent DMSA and succimer |
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mercury |
liquid at room temp; vapor is much more hazardous; binds to other elements to form inorganic mercurous or mercuric salts; can form organometallic compounds when bond to carbon; methylmercury is most common |
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methylmercury toxicity |
high-affinity binding of divalent mercury to sulfhydrl groups of proteins is important mechanism for producing nonspecific cell injury and death |
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mercury poisoning therapy |
direct to lower concentration at target organ; chelating agents such as cysteine, EDTA, BAL, or penicillamine |
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cadium |
ranked one of the most toxic substances; gastronintestinal absorption increases when deficiencies of calcium or iron; transported in the blood by binding to proteins; also deposited in the liver and kindey to synthesize methallothionein (MT) |
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treatment of cadium toxicity |
no clinical treatment; some chelators can reduce acute mortality but generally results in adverse effects |
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nickel |
combines with carbon monoxide to form nickel carbonyl; nickel carbonyl is very toxic |
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treatment of nickel toxicity |
blood nickel levels are indicated from chelation therapy; sodium diethylcarbodithioate (DDTC) is perferred; disulfiram, D-penicillamine and DMPS also work |
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treatment of copper poisoning |
D-penicillamine, Trien (triethylene tetramine 2HCl), zinc acetate, and tetrathiomolybdate; tetrathiomolybdate amd since acetate are more effective |
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iron |
essential metal for erythropoiesis and key component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and other enzymes |
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treatment for iron toxicity |
supportive thereapy and iron chelation with defroxamine |