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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
At which portion is the filtration membrane most selective?
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Podocyte
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What structure concentrates urine?
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Descending limb of loop of Henle
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What drives filtration?
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Blood pressure/volume
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What drives tubular reabsorption?
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-Concentration differences
-Concentration of ions outside tube -Osmotic pressures |
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What are the characteristics of normal urine?
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-pH of about 6.0
-specific gravity: 1.003-1.030 -osmotic concentration: 855-1335 mOsm/l -volume: 1200ml/day -color: clear yellow (straw/amber) -odor: varies -NH3: amount varies -Bacteria: sterile |
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What are the constituents of normal urine?
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Urea, Na+, K+, PO4-3, SO4-2, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Ammonia (NH3)
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What are the physiological results of an increase in ADH?
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Saves H2O to prevent dehydration; H2O reabsorption (PCT)
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What are the physiological results of an increase in aldosterone?
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Increases excretion of K+ and reabsorption of Na+, which leads to reabsorption of H2O --> prevents dehydration (DCT)
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What are the physiological results of an increase in ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)?
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Promotes loss of Na+ and H2O, lowers blood volume and pressure
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How would damage to the renal medulla affect renal function?
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Renal columns and pyramids would be damaged; damaged collecting ducts = decreased amount of urine collected.
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What happens to tubular fluid at the loop of Henle?
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H2O and Na+Cl- are reabsorbed
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What are the characteristics of carrier-mediated transport?
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-Facilitated diffusion: ^Glucose & ^AA concentrations
-Active transport: requires ATP -Cotransport: 2 substances, same direction; Na+ is usually one -Countertransport: 2 substances, different directions; Na+ usually involved |
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How would the flow of blood be affected by an obstruction in the glomerulus?
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Depends where:
End/Middle - Not much change in filtration Beginning - Filtration stopped |
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What is a pyelogram? What types of conditions would it reveal?
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X-Ray with dye to see ureters, kidneys and bladder; obstructions, anatomy, cancer
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What would make freshly voided urine dark?
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-Dehydration
- ^ Amounts of hemoglobinuria -Urochromes |
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What type(s) of epithelia lines the ureters and urinary bladder?
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Transitional
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Describe the micturation reflex.
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250 ml --> 1st wave of contraction (can hold it)
450 ml --> 2nd wave of contraction (can't ignore) max = 1 liter |
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What are detrusor muscles?
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-Middle layer of bladder, btw connective tissue & transitional
-Involuntary |
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What changes occur with aging in the urinary system?
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- Bladder shrinks
-Loss of bladder tone -BP changes can cause kidney damage -Increased frequency of micturation -Decreased kidney function -Leads to incontinence |
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How would sympathetic stimulation affect the kidney?
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Brain takes over, filtration inhibited, increased adrenaline, clamps afferent
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What are the components of the ECF compartments?
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-Interstitial fluid & plasma
-Found btw cells & in the blood vessels -Saliva, sweat, tears, CSF, etc. |
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What makes up the ICF compartment?
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-Makes up 2/3 of body water
-Compartments = Cells -K+, Pr-, PO4, SO4 |
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What are the principal cations and anions of the ECF and ICF?
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ECF --> Na+, Ca+2, Cl-, H+
ICF --> K+, Mg+2, PO4-3, SO4-2, H+, Pr- |
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What happens when water is lost and electrolytes are retained?
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Increased concentration --> dehydration
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What happens when large amounts of pure water are consumed?
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Urine is diluted, decreased concentration, fluid shift from ECF --> ICF
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What happens if you consume a high salt meal?
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Increased thirst, BP, blood volume; Fluid shift from ICF --> ECF
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What happens when the amount of sodium ion in ECF increases?
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Fluid shift fom ICF --> ECF
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What is the role of calcitonin?
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Lowers blood calcium levels
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What is the role of calcitriol?
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Increases osteoclasts to make more calcium
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What is the role of PTH?
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Stimulates the release of calcium (increased calcium in blood)
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How is excessive potassium eliminated?
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Urine; stored as well
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How is potassium regulated?
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Aldosterone
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What is the role of chloride ions in body fluids (ECF & ICF)
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Major anion of ECF; stores Na+
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What does calcium homeostasis primarily reflect?
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Ca+2 digested, lost in urinary, stored in skeletal system
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What is the most important factor affecting tissue pH?
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Breathing --> levels of CO2
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What are the causes of respiratory acidosis?
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Inability to expel CO2
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What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis?
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Not enough CO2 present
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Which acid-base imbalance can result from renal problems?
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Metabolic acidosis
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Which acid-base imbalance results from hyperventilation?
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Respiratory alkalosis
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Which acid-base imbalance results from hypoventilation?
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Respiratory acidosis --> Emphysema
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What are some of the physiological consequences of acidosis?
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Increased breathing, increased urine production/output
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What are some of the physiological consequences of alkalosis?
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Decreased breathing, decreased urine production/output
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How are changes in body pH compensated?
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-Renal glands secrete H+ (when blood is acidic)
-Cl- ions are reabsorbed (when blood level is alkaline) -Breathing |
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What are the consequences of prolonged vomiting?
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Dehydration, metabolic alkalosis
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What are the consequences of prolonged diarrhea
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-Starvation
-Body uses lipids and Pr- -Ketoacid formation -Metabolic acidosis |
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What are the consequences of prolonged emphysema?
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Respiratory acidosis
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What are the consequences of prolonged diabetes?
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Ketoacidosis
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What are the consequences of prolonged long-term antacid use?
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Metabolic alkalosis
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Describe the effects of dehydration on fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance.
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Decreased fluid, increased concentration of electrolytes, decreased pH (more electrolytes = more H+ ions)
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Name some urinary functions.
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1. Regulate blood volume & pressure
2. Regulate plasma concentration of ions 3.Stabilize pH 4. Conserve nutrients 5. Detoxification |
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What is the renal corpuscle made up of?
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Bowman's capsule and the Glomerulus.
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Name some ions that are reabsorbed in nephrons.
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Na+, Mg+2, Cl-
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Name some ions that are secreted in nephrons.
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K+, H+, SO4-2
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