Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How are the microorganisms destroyed?
|
The cilia push a thin layer of mucus & entrapped particles from the nasal cavity toward the pharynx where the mucus is swallowed
Gastric juices in the stomach destroy the microoganisms in the mucus |
|
Give the location and role of the vocal cords
|
House in the larynx
2 pairs of horizontal vocal folds extending inward from walls of larynx Made of muscle tissue, connective tissue, covered by mucous membrane False vocal cords: Upper folds that do not produce sound (the muscle closes airway during swallowing) True vocal cords: Lower folds of muscle tissue and elastic fibers. Air forced between the cords cause vibration from side to side/sound waves |
|
What and where is the epiglottis and how does it function?
|
A flap-like cartilage structure at the back fo the tongue near the entrance to the Trachea
Allows air to enter the Larynx During swallowing the Larynx rises and the epiglottis presses downward to partially cover the opening into the larynx Helps food and liquids from entering air passages |
|
Waht is the role of surfacant?
|
Substance produced by the lungs and secreted into alveolar spaces
Reduces the surface tension within the aveoli Reduces the alveoli's tendency to collapse, especially when air volume is low Eases inspiratory efforts to inflate the alveoli |
|
What is the role of atmospheric pressure?
|
Inhalation: Pressure inside the lungs and alveoli decreases, atmospheric pressure forces are into the airways:
Diaphragm muscles below lungs contract moving downward Thoracic cavity enlarges |
|
What is a diaphragm?
|
A sheetlike structure largly composed of skeletal muscle and connective tissue that separates thoracic and abd. cavity
|
|
What is the role of the diaphragm?
|
Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts, moves downward, making space for inflow of air with inspiration
Exhalation: Diaphragm contracts upward, pushing air out with expiration |
|
Intercostal muscles
|
Inhalation: External intercostal muscles. Between the ribs contract and move downward, decreasing pressure (raises ribs, elvates sternum, enlarges thoracic cav. movethe thoracic wall up and outward, the parietal and visceral pleura move too, lungs expand in all directions
Exhalation: Internal intercostal muscles Posterior For forced inhalation contraction pulls ribs and sternum down & inward, increasing pressure in lungs |
|
What is the role of the abdominal muscles?
|
Inhalation:
For deeper than normal breath Pull thoracic cage up and outward, enlarging thoracic cav., decreasing pressure Exhalation: Squeeze abd. organs inward and diaphragm upward against lung forcing air out Increases pressure in the abdominal cavity |
|
Spirometry
|
Measure respiratory Air Volumes and capacities
|
|
Spirometry
|
Measures respiratory air volumes and capacities
|
|
Tidal Volume
|
TV
500 mL Volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle |
|
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
|
IRV
3000 mL Volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume |
|
Expiratory Reserve Volume
|
ERV
1100 mL Volume that can be exhaled during force breathing in addition to tidal volume |
|
Residual Volume
|
RV
1200 mL Volume that remains in the lungs even after maximal expiration |
|
Vital Capacity
|
VC
4600 mL Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible VC=TV+IRV+ERV |
|
Total Lung Capacity
|
TLC
5800 mL Total volume of air that the lungs can hold TLC=VC+RV |
|
Laryngitis
|
Infection causing mucous membrane of the larynx to become inflamed and swollen
Swelling can obstruct airway and interfere with breathing |
|
Tonsillitis
|
Infections of tonsils and mucous membranes causing swelling
Can block air passageway interfering with breathing and swallowing to pharynx Mucous membranes of pharynx, auditory tubes and middle ear are connected and infection can travel too all these areas |
|
Visceral Pleura
|
Layer of serous membrane attaches to each lung's surgace and folds back to become the parietal pleura
|
|
Parietal Pleura
|
The ouside membrane lines the outside of the lung, the mediastinum and the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
|
|
Plural Cavity
|
The potential space between the visceral and Parietal pleura
|
|
Serous Fluid
|
Lubricates adjacent pleural surfaces, reducing friction as they move against one another during breathing
Holds the pleural membranes together |
|
Name the potential spaces in the pleural membrane
|
No significat space exists between the visceral and parietal pleura, buthe potential space between them is called the pleural cavity
|
|
What hold the visceral and parietal membranes together?
|
Serous fluid
Air pressure |
|
What are the differences between the right and left lungs?
|
Right:
Larger, three lobes Left: Smaller due to space shared with mediastinum and heart, two lobes |
|
Nose
|
Frontal Head
on the face superior to mouth |
|
Nasal Cavity
|
Hollow behind nose
|
|
Paranasal sinuses
|
Air-filled, maxillary, frontal, ethnoid & sphenoid bones of skull
|
|
Pharynx
|
Dorsal of oral cavity, nasal cavity and larynx
|
|
Where is the respiratory center? Describe its location in relation to other organs
|
Two groups of neurons in brain stem extending the length of the Pons and the Medulla Oblongata
|
|
Respiratory Center of the Medulla Oblongata
|
Dorsal Respiratory group:
Stimulates diaphragm muscles of inspiration Basic rhythm of breathing Ventral Respiratory Group: Stimulate Intercostal and abd. muscles More forceful breathing: some increase inspiration/expiration |
|
Pontine Respiratory Group
|
Connects with the Medullary Rhythmic Center (rhythm of breathing)
Stimulates diaphragm muscles |
|
What cause the rate of breathing to increase and why?
|
Repiratory Center: Affects breathing rate and depth, and so do certain chemicals in body fluids, the degree to which lung tissues stretch, and a person's emotional state (typically fear and pain)
|
|
Chemo-receptors
|
(chemo-sensitive areas in the medullary respiratory center)
Senses change in cerebral spinal fluid levels of carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions Stimulation of these receptors increases breathing rate |
|
Peripheral Chemo-Receptors
|
(In carotid and aoric bodies)
Sense changes in low blood oxygen Stimulates increased breathing rate |
|
Inflation reflux
|
Regulates the depth of breathing when stretched lung tissues stimulate receptors in visceral pleura, bronchioles and aveoli
Prevents over stimulation of lungs during forceful breathing |
|
Emotional Upset
|
Fear and pain increase breathing rate
|
|
What's the role of carbon monoxide and how does it bind with hemoglobin?
|
Carbon Monoxide bind to hemoglobin preventing oxygen from binding
Starves tissues of oxygen |
|
Emphysema
|
Progressive degenerative disease
Alveolar wall destroyed: small clusters of air sacs merge thus forming larger chambers, decreases surface area of respiratory membrane where gases are exchanged Alveolar walls lose elasticity Capillary networks diminish |
|
Lung Cancer
|
Uncontrolled division of abnormal cells
Cells rob normal cells of nutrients Normal cells are crowded out metastisizing secondary cancer in other parts of the body |
|
Cystic Fibrosis
|
Defect in channels leading from glands
Causes formation of extremely thick sticky mucous in lung Encourages infectinos by micro-organisms not otherwise common in lungs |
|
Athsma
|
A chronic (long term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways
Muscles react and tighten making breathing difficult The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower Cells in airways may make more stick, thick mucous further narrowing the airways |
|
Bronchitis
|
an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lung
Trachea and bronchi within the lungs become inflamed due to infection The thin mucous lining of airways become irritated and swollen |
|
Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease
|
Progressive disease the makes it hard to breathe
Less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following: The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality, the walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed, become thick and inflamed (swollen), the airways make more mucous than usual, clogging the airways Causes: Cigarette smoking is the leading cause, Long-term exposure to lung irritants, such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust |
|
Book references
|
Know the alveoli & caopillaries pictured on pg. 450, fig. 16-8, 451 16.10,
p. 453 fig. 16.12 p. 457 fig 16.15 p. 446 fig 16.2 |