ATP synthase

The ATP molecule consists of a sugar molecule (ribose) attached to a base that is composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms (adenine). Attached to the other side of the ribose are three phosphate groups (a phosphate group consists of one phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms). * ATP Hydrolysis Powers Cellular Work The phosphate bonds in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) can be broken down by water. When ATP loses a phosphate group in water, this releases energy and creates the products ADP (adenosine…

Many endosymbiotic theories have figured in opinion about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. More than 20 different versions of Endosymbiotic theories have been presented in literature to explain the origin of eukaryotes and their mitochondria (Martin, Garg and Zimorski, 2015, p.1678). A Prokaryotic cell contains structural components such as: Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria contain a thick cell wall with many layers of peptidoglycan…

FECD (**). Although mitochondrial damage is correlated to cell death, its effects could be more subtle when the damage to the organelle is not severe. Specifically, when mitochondrial damage is not severe, the cellular functions could be impacted by ATP depletion. The latter can subvert activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (necessary for fluid pump activity) and integrity of the actin cytoskeleton (**) leading to compromised fluid pump and barrier functions, respectively. Thus, the goal of this experiment…

The hypothesis in the beginning of this experiment was that various carbohydrates have different rates of respiration by a yeast culture raised on glucose. The differences in time for respiration to peak for the other sugars were due to enzyme regulation called induction. This is the time required for the glucose fed yeast culture to alter its enzymatic machinery to process sugars other than glucose for oxidative respiration. The different rates of respiration for each sugar was measured by the…

germination and temperature of environment effect respiration rate of seeds. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cellular Respiration: Is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. Sugar + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP). In eukaryotic organisms, respiration occurs to maximize ATP production; this is contrary to anaerobic respiration, which occurs during the absence of a ready supply of oxygen (mostly in prokaryotic organisms). Plants are autotrophs,…

acid (C26:0) and teracosanoic acid (C24:0) (Moser et al, 2007) in the tissues, body fluids (Igarashi et al, 1976), the adrenal glands and brain (cerebral white matter) ,(Woodrow Wilson Biology institute,1994). On a protein level, ALD is triggered by ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily D member 1(ABCD1) gene coding for a peroxomal membrane protein (Moser et al, 2005). Moreover, it is also caused by a single mutation at the locus Xq28 causing deficient activity of necessary enzyme ligase.…

hydrolysis of pyrophosphates, inorganic phosphates can be created. P2O-47 + H2O 2 HPO-24 Phosphates are most commonly present in DNA, RNA and in adenosine phosphates (ATP,ADP and AMP) and released during hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. In living organisms, phosphoanhydride bond in ATP, ADP and other nucleotide triphosphates and diphosphates provides high energy to them . Phosphates are used as buffering agent. Importance of Phosphate group: Phosphate groups are…

During this 2 ATP and 2 NADH are produced through 10 steps. The first five steps consume ATP whilst the remaining stages release ATP. The regulation of Glycolysis is maintained by steps one, three and ten. In step one, hexokinase is inhibited by C6 preventing any further phosphorylation of Glucose. In step three, the allosteric enzyme Phosphofructokinase in which is inhibited by high levels of ATP and citrate, together this makes phosphofructokinase the regulator of ATP production. In step…

distribution of glucose occurred ATP molecules formed passes to the next stage of respiration. The energy used to break the sugar molecules is provided by two molecules of ATP. Since glycolysis proceeds more energy is released and the energy used to make four ATP molecules. From the above statement you can see that photosynthesis contributes only two molecules of ATP used in glycolysis, but the process gives four molecules of energy, showing a net gain of two ATP…

There are two different ways that electron flows, cyclic and noncyclic (linear). Noncyclic Electron flow is important for processes such as the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, since it is the key to the energy transformation in these mechanisms (Campbell 195). Linear/Noncyclic electron flow occurs mainly during light reactions of photosynthesis by having the flow of electrons go through the photosystems and other molecular components that are built into the thylakoid membrane (Campbell 195). They…