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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The New Freedom
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- 1912
- Wilson’s progressive program to destroy monopolies, not regulate them - Antitrust modification, tarriff revision, reform in banking and currency - Wilson wanted to encourage competition w/ small business - Against massive corporations that dominate the economy |
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Red Scare
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- 1917 Russian Revolution started concern
- Threat grew in 1919 w/ creation of Comintern (a group to spread communism around world) - 8 bombings set off idea of a conspiracy, fight against radicalism began - Antiradical newspapers and politicians blamed every form of instability on comunism - 1920 Attorney General Mitchell Palmer and Edgar J Hoover led a series of raids to crack down on radicalism (6,000 arrested, nothing found) - Red Scare abated |
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NRA
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- 1933 New Deal program started by FDR (National Recovery Administration)
- Started under National Industrial Recovery Act - NRA set min wage and max weekly hours, abolished child labor - “Blue Eagle” symbol was outside businesses that supported NRA policies - A “voluntary” program (businesses that didn’t display Blue Eagle were boycotted - Codes poorly and hastily written, decline in production, no enforcement |
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FEPC
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- 1941 program under FDR (Fair Employment Practices Committee)
- Firm w/ gov contracts can’t discriminate against Blacks - Never enacted into law (until president Truman) |
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Challenge to Liberty
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Herbert Hoover, “The Challenge to Liberty”
- 1934 book published by Herbert Hoover denouncing the New Deal - He criticizes FDR’s policies and hopes for a new “American liberalism” - Hoover defines liberty as “a thing of the spirit” - “Liberalism is not the possession of any political party” - Specifically targets New Deal policies such as TVA and public works |
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War Industries Board
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- 1917 government agency during WWI that encouraged certain business practices
- WIB encouraged mass production to increase efficiency, quotas set, prices fixed - Encouraged business to grant concessions to labor (wage increases to stop strikes) - War production boomed, WIB was decommissioned in 1919 |
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Neutrality Acts
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- Acts were a response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that led to WWII
- Neutrality Acts (1935)- Legal safeguards to prevent US intervention - Established arms embargo between victim and aggressor in military conflicts - 1936 Neutrality Act renewed provisions - 1937 act added provisions - 1937 Neutrality Acts‡ “cash and carry” (nonmilitary goods could be bought only with cash and they had to be carried away on their own ships) - December 1941 declaration of war rendered the acts irrelevant |
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Wilson's 14 Points
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- In 1918, Wilson presented to Congress the principles for which they were fighting
- War aims had 14 points in 3 broad categories o 8 specific recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries, new nations o 5 principles to govern international conflict (freedom of seas, free trade) o A proposal for a League of Nations to implement these principles - 14 points were also an answer to the Bolshevik Revolution - Also a last minute (and unsuccessful) effort to persuade Russia to stay in the war |
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Social Gospel
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- Protestant intellectual movement to apply Christian ethics to social problems
- Religious wing of the progressive movement (1880-1920) - Focused on issues: poverty, racial tensions, slums, poor schools, danger of war) - Focused on redemption of nation’s cities - Never dominated urban reform movements |
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The Greer Incident
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- “Neutrality patrols” very controversial, lend-lease, provoked Germans
- Greer dropped depth charges for German U-Boats, U-boats fire back - FDR gives speech accusing Germany of firing upon US ships (misleads) - Speech misled US people to garner support (comparable to Gulf of Tonken) |
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Ludlow Massacre
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- 1917‡ Wartime strike of coalminers in Ludlow, Colorado
- Coalminers were evicted but moved into tents to strike, had 7 demands - State militia was called to “protect the mines” (but actually to help strikebreakers) - Militia and strikebreakers attacked the tents, 39 died (11 children) |
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2nd New Deal
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- 1935, FDR launched new programs “Second New Deal” (pro-labor anti-business)
- Holding Company Act 1935‡ law to break up great utility holding companies - Wagner Act- (like NIRA) guaranteed labor right to organize/bargain collectively - Social Security Act- system of universal retirement pensions, unemployment insurance (framework for US welfare system) - Sold to Americans as “workers’ insurance” (not as sweeping as today’s SS) - FDR established highest, most progressive peacetime tax rates in history (less radical than opponents would like to claim b/c few people paid such high rates) - FAILED- Court packing plan (FDR’s attempt to add 6 justices to Supreme Court) |
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Margaret Sanger
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- American Birth Control Activist
- Founder of American Birth Control League (now planned parenthood) - Socialist who blamed capitalism for work conditions - Proponent of eugenics (race hygiene) - Defender of free speech, arrested numerous times for speaking out about BC |
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Share Our Wealth
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- Huey Long's 1934 economic plan for a progressive tax to be redistributed to families
- Free college education, veteran benefits, assistance for farmers, old-age penions - Wealth distribution, “every man a king” - Radical Second new deal |
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Japanese American Internment
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- As a result of Pearl Harbor (1941), Japanese relocated
- Forced relocation and internment of over 110,000 Japanese Americans - Japs relocated b/c they feared terrorism, espionage, sabatoge - Relocated to war relocation camps, FDR authorized the internment - Those that were up to 1/16 Japanese could be put into internment camps |
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Coxey's Army
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- Unemployed men formed “industrial armies” as response to 1893 depression
- Jacob S. Coxey organized a petition for unemployment relief - Coxey got 100 unemployed, marched to Washington on Easter 1894 - During the march to Washington, Coxey’s Army gathered over 500 supporters - Nationwide attention |
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War Labor Board
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- Agency created by Pres. Wilson to resolve disputes between labor and business
- Pressured business into granting concessions to labor (min wage, max workday, equal pay for women, recognition of unions to organize/bargain collectively) - Membership to unions exploded by more than 1.5 million - Unions organized mass strikes to win (Samuel Gompers and AFL) - War provided labor with important, but temporary, gains |
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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- 1896 Landmark Supreme Court Decision
- Upheld constitutionality of segregation of accommodations “separate but equal” - Upheld Lousiana’s railroad segregation law - Decision legitimized segregation practices in South - Reversed in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) |
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NAWSA
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- est. in 1890 in NY City
- NAWSAW was an American women’s rights organization - Largest and most important suffrage organization until 1920 (19th amendment) - Susan B. Anthony was large figure for 10 years (until 1900) - 1900, name was changed to NAWSA (two suffrage orgs combined into NAWSA) |
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Trust Buster
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- Teddy Roosevelt was the pioneer of trust busting
- Trusts were industrial monopolies (Steel for example) - Teddy dissolved 44 trusts during his two terms - Teddy is the pres most associated for busting trusts, but Taft busted more trusts (90 in one term) |
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Social Security
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- Secretary of Labor, Francis Perkins lobbied for fed funded social insurance
- 1935, FDR gave support for Social Security Act (influenced by Townsend Act) - Most important social welfare legislation in history (not universal coverage) - Gave money to the presently destitute, AND set up pension system - Also established unemployment insurance - “Insurance” NOT “welfare” |
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Wagner Act
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- Like NIRA, guaranteed labor right to organize/bargain collectively
- Gov says unions can exist (will recognize them), prevented unfair labor practices - FDR becomes the darling of the working class and labor - Represented crucial change in relationship between labor and government |
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Overlord
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- “Operation Overlord”= allied invasion of Normandy, France
- 1944 invasion of Normandy was the greatest military invasion in history - 160,000 troops crossed English Channel on June 6, 1944 - France was liberated, greatest amphibious assault in history |
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War Labor Board
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- Independent agency intended to influence US public opinion about WWI
- Propaganda campaign established by President Woodrow Wilson (aka CPI) - CPI first represented only the facts, but resorted to other tactics - TONS of pro-war literature distributed (posters, movies, etc.) - (posters about Germans killing babies, portraying them as evil monsters) - “The Kaiser: Beast of Berlin” popular movie came out |
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Eugene Debs Speech
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- 1918
- Eugene V Debs gave an anti-war speech in Canton, OH - Violated Espionage Act of 1917 (illegal express opposition to WWI) - (This was during the Red Scare, a period of vehement antiradicalism) - 10 years in prison and lost citizenship (pardoned by Harding in 1921) |
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Sub Treasury Plan
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- Agriculture was horrible, farmers could be plunged into poverty at any time
- Prices were low, huge debt accumulated for farmers - “sub-treasury system” called on the federal government to create warehouses in every county that grew over $500,000 of agricultural products per year - Farmers could store their crops in warehouses, waiting for the best selling price - Farmers could borrow up to 80% of the value of their crops, pay only 2% interest - The result would be increased supply of currency and a rise in farm prices |
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Rosie the Riveter
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- Cultural icon rep 6 million US women who entered the workforce in WWII
- Rosie the Riveter was a sketch by Norman Rockwell in the Saturday Evening Post - Rosie worked hard to support the war effort, wearing overalls and “victory pins” - Women took unusual jobs in industry to make up for the men who were in WWII - Women were “laboring for victory” to help the war effor - War provided women with lucrative jobs that were previously unavailable - After WWII ended, women returned to their traditional employment - Rosie and her slogan “We Can Do It!” were on posters and magazines |
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WJB Cross of Gold Speech
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- 1896
- Speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at Dem Convention - Advocated bimetallism, attacked gold standard - Wanted to encourage inflation to help farmers ease their debts - “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold” (not only gold standard) - Ended in Bryan’s nomination as Dem nominee (youngest ever) |
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Muckraking
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- Journalism used to increase public awareness about social problems
- Progressive era journalism (Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle”) - “Muckraking” was coined by Teddy Roosevelt - Inauguration of cheap, mass circulation magazines were crucial to muckraking - Ids Tarbell’s “History of Standard Oil Company” was the most successful |
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Four Freedoms
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- 1941
- Speech given by FDR at state of the Union (Four Freedoms Speech) - Freedom of speech and expression, of religion, from want, from fear - “From want and from fear” went beyond 1st amendment and endorsed a right to econ security and internationalist view of foreign policy - These were central tenants of US liberalism |
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Court Packing Plan
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- FDR tried to add 6 new Supreme Court justices b/c court was “overloaded”
- Scheme lost him much support from left (and obviously the right) - FDR proposed it b/c Court was knocking down his legislation (NIRA 4 example) - Lasting damage to FDR, wanted too much power, a demagogue |
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KKK
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- 1915, in Atlanta a new group of white southerners established new Klan
- Ku Klux Klan first est. during Civil War but re-emerged during 1920’s - Membership expanded rapidly (Indiana had largest membership, Oregon, Cal) - KKK portrayed themselves as patriots, defenders of morality - Opposed foreigners, blacks, Catholics, and Jews - Declined in 1925 after scandals and power struggles |
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Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management
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- Engineer, Frederick Winslow Taylor revolutionized work
- “Principles of Scientific Management” made production into a science - His theory increased efficiency by transforming the process of work - Taylorism sped up production and routinized manufacturing - Increased productivity didn’t translate into higher wages, labor declined |
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Triangle Factory Fire
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- 1911
- Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City was largest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York - Caused the death of 146 garment workers - The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards |
