Therapy

Front 1

Three essential features of all therapies

Back 1

A sufferer who seeks help

A trained, socially accepted healer

A series of contacts with the goal of changing attitudes, emotional states, or behaviours

Front 2

Psychotherapies

Back 2

use words and acts to overcome psychological difficulties

Front 3

Biological therapies

Back 3

drugs and physiological interventions such as surgeries

Front 4

Who are clinicians?

Back 4

Clinical psychologists

Psychiatrists

Social workers

Counsellors

Front 5

Stigma

Back 5

There has been a significant reduction in the stigma associated with mental illness Perceptions of stigma continue to play a role in people’s decisions about whether or not to acknowledge their mental issues and whether or not to seek treatment

Front 6

Where IsTreatment Conducted?

Back 6

Public institutions, such as hospitals and clinics, schools, private offices

Front 7

Canadian MentalHealth Act

Back 7

Outlines patient rights and conditions for involuntary admittance

Front 8

Most people aretreated as outpatients

Back 8

Negative effects of long-term hospitalization

Reduction in psychiatric beds in Canada since 1964(deinstitutionalization)

Front 9

Types of Treatments

Back 9

Insight therapies

Behavioral & cognitive-behavioural therapies

Biomedical therapies

Front 10

Insight therapies

Back 10

“talk therapy”

Complex verbal interactions to achieve insight into their difficulties

Verbal interactions to enhance self-knowledge, promoting healthfulchanges in personality and behaviorInsights into source of problem achieved through verbal exchanges

Front 11

Behavioral & cognitive-behavioural therapies

Back 11

Based on learning principles

Direct attempts to change maladaptive behavior

Front 12

Biomedical therapies

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Intervention into a person’s biological functioning Drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Usually associated with psychiatry

Front 13

“Patient”

Back 13

Associated with medical perspective

Front 14

“Client”

Back 14

Associated with psychological perspective

Have implications in their results

Front 15

Insight therapy:psychoanalysis

Back 15

Based on Freud’s psychodynamic theory

Abnormal behavior the result of hidden inner conflict

Conflicts among the id, ego, and superego

Many problems rooted in childhood

Goal of psychoanalysis is to gain insight into unconscious conflicts,motives and defenses

Front 16

Six core techniques of psychoanalysis

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Free-association-ranting

Interpretation

Dream analysis

Resistance

Transference

Working through

Front 17

Interpretation

Back 17

Therapist’s role is to explain the significance of the client’s thoughts, feelings, emotions, memories, & behaviors

Front 18

Resistance

Back 18

A largely unconscious defensive maneuver intended to hinder therapy

Front 19

Transference

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Clients unconsciously relating to the therapist in ways that mimic their critical relationships

Front 20

Modern psychodynamic therapy

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Brief psychodynamic therapy

10-25 sessions

Focus on interpersonal skills via the process of transference

Front 21

Evaluation of Psychoanalysis

Back 21

Research shows not the most effective form of therapy

Costly and time consuming

Based on untested (untestable?) theory

Largely restricted to YAVIS patients (young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful)

Not practical or effective for a large portion of psychological disorders e.g. schizophrenia

Front 22

Humanistic Therapies

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Basic principles

Optimistic view

Striving to reach ones potential; becoming a whole, self-actualizedperson

Focus on the present, not the past

Client-Centered Therapy/Person-Centered Therapy

Front 23

Carl Rogers

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Abnormal behavior is based on distorted self-concept

Goal of therapy to eliminate unrealistic conditions of worth

Allow client to understand and accept all aspects of themselves

Front 24

Humanistic therapeutic climat

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GenuinenessUnconditional positive regardEmpathic understandingTherapist and client work as equalsClient sets the pace of therapy

Therapist’s key task is clarificationHighlighting key themesHelp clients become more aware

Front 25

Evaluation of Humanistic Therapies

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Often based on untested (untestable?) theories Effectiveness often not empirically evaluated Client must have high verbal ability and be able to participate in therapy Not suited to all types of psychological disorders

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Behavior Therapies

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Focus on present behaviour Many psychological disorders result from learning Goal of therapy is to teach more adaptive behaviours, habits and skills

Front 27

Behaviour therapy: Classical Conditioning

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TherapiesLearn to associate certain reactions withcertain stimuli

Front 28

Flooding and systematic desensitization

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Break the association of fear with phobic object Relaxation training + anxiety hierarchy

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Aversion therapy

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Alcohol and an emetic drug (causes nausea and vomiting

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Operant Conditioning Therapies

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1.Identify the undesirable behaviours

2. Identify the reinforcers

3.Change the environment so the maladaptive behaviours are not reinforced

Front 31

Token economies

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Children and hospitalized patients

Rewards for good behaviour

Front 32

Modeling

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The therapist demonstrates the fear or skill in a safe environment to be copied by the patient

Assertiveness or social skills training

Front 33

Evaluation of behaviour therapy

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More likely to be empirically evaluated

Some suggestion more successful than insight therapy

Not suited for the treatment of all disorders …but very well suited for many other disorders, or some symptoms of disorders Often (successfully) combined with cognitive therapies

Front 34

Cognitive & Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy

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Psychological disorders as stemming from faulty or disordered modes of thought Inappropriate beliefs, focusing on negative events, poor self-esteem Goal of therapy is to recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs

Front 35

Rational-Emotive Therapy

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Albert Ellis Irrational thoughts “musts”, “awfulizing”, and “catastrophizing” Persuade client to see them as irrational

Front 36

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

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Distorted & self-defeating modes of thought Therapist and client work to identify and challenge illogical beliefs

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Evaluation of Cognitive & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies

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More likely to be empirically evaluated Tend to be one of the more effective forms of therapy Especially when paired with behavioural principles (e.g. cognitive-behavioural therapies)

Front 38

Biomedical Therapies

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Biologically Based Therapies

Front 39

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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artificially induced seizures treatment for depression

Front 40

Psychosurgery

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prefrontal lobotomy often had serious consequences modern versions MUCH less severe

Front 41

Psychopharmacotherapy

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Treatment of mental disorders with medication Must be prescribed by a medical doctor

Front 42

Antianxiety Drugs

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Relieve tension, apprehension,& nervousness Benzodiazepine family :Valium (diazepam), Xanax (alprazolam), Ativan (lorazepam)

Front 43

Antidepressant Drugs

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(Tri)cyclics, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and MAO inhibitors

Influence neurotransmitters, especially serotonin

Front 44

Lithium

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Used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorder

Front 45

Antipsychotic Drugs

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Reduce hallucinations, thought disorders, anxiety and hostility Work by blocking dopamine receptors

Front 46

Psychostimulants

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To treat attention problems e.g. ADHD Common examples include Ritalin and Adder all

Front 47

Evaluating Drug Therapies

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Can be very effective Disorders which do not respond to other treatments Often used in connection with other treatments But are not cures Do not eliminate problems Some only provide short-term benefit Many have side-effects

Front 48

Is therapy effective?

Back 48

Issues:Spontaneous remission Placebo effects Self-serving biases Regression to the mean Often a lack of empirical validation of therapeutic techniques More research is needed…but ethical concerns