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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Osteocytes
|
-Mature bone cell maintain bone Matrix
-dont divide -Live in lacunae( found btwn layers (lamellae) of matrix -Conn. by cytoplasmic extensions thru canaliculi in lamellae ***MAKE OWN SLIDE To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix To help repair damaged bone |
|
Osteoblasts + secrete 2 things
|
-immature -secrete osteogenesis
-surrounded by bone become osteocytes -produces Osteoid |
|
Osteoprogenitor cells
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stem cells divide to produce osteoblasts
-assist in fracture repair -located in endosteum |
|
osteoclasts
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break down bone matrix & release osteolysis
-from stem cells that produce macrophages -GIANT multi nucl cells -Secrete acids & protein-digesting enzymes |
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Spongy Bone characteristics
|
-has red (bl ves) & yellow marrow (fat)
-Matrix make open network of trabeculae |
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Bone reModeling results
|
-renews bone matrix
-replace min reserve -involves osteo:cytes, clasts & blasts |
|
Osteoporosis
|
severe bone lost
-effect more woman over45 |
|
osteopenia
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fragile limbs
-Epiphyses, vertebrae& jaws most affected: |
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Calcitrol characteristics
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-hormone from kidneys
- Help absorb calcium &phosphorus from dig tract -needs vitD3 to synthesize (cholecalciferol) |
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Calcium Characteristics
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-stored in bones
-most abundant in body vital to:: membranes, neurons, mus cell, heart cell |
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Calcitonin & PTH maintain & control
|
homeostasis
control storage, absorption, and excretion in bones, kidn, digest tract |
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Calcitonin
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Secret by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid
Decreas calci ion levels by::: -stop osteoclast activity -Increa calcium excretion at kidneys |
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PTH-parathyroid hormone
|
produced by PT in neck
-increase Cali ions by: stimulating osteoclasts decrease calci descret in kidneys Increas intestinal absorp of calcium |
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3 Joint Classification
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-Syn arthosis
-Amphi arthrosis -Di arthrosis |
|
what is Syn arthrosis?
|
no movement
may fuse over time fiber/cart connections strong have 4 types |
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What is Amphi arthrosis?
|
Little movement
-fib/cart connections |
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What is Di arthrosis? aka ____ _____
|
Free moveable
aka synovial -move in triaxial plane (gets subdivided by movement) |
|
What are the 4 types of SYN arthrosis?
|
1. Suture
2. Synostosis 3. Synchondrosis 4. Gomphosis (((((SYN has 3 letter. 3 S's + 1 G))))) |
|
Suture bones
characteristic + where found |
-only found skull
interlock -fib connected tissue |
|
GOMphosis
characteristic + where found (gom like gum) |
paraDONTAL lig
hold teeth in socket (dontal like dentist(orthoDONTist --want teeth in place |
|
Synch ondrosis
characteristic + where found |
bridge btwn 2 bones
Epiphyseal cart long bones Btwn vertebrosternal ribs & sternum |
|
Syno stosis
characteristic + where found |
fused cant move
Front skull suture Epiphyseal lines of long bones |
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2 types of AMphiarthROSES
(flowers & chocolate) |
1. synDESMOSIS
2. SYMPHhysis DESMOSIS---daisy flowers SYMPH=sympony choco bar |
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What is synDESmosis?
|
bones connected by LIGA
|
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What is SyMPHysis?
|
bones sep by fib cart
|
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Diarthrosis
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are in articular capsules
lined w/ synovial membrane |
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what is Articular cartilages
|
pad prevent bone from touching
-artic surfaces within art capsule |
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Smooth surfaces are lubricated with synovial fluid to reduce _______
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friction
|
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Synovial Fluid
1.Characteristic + 3 functions (think by prevent friction important with bones) |
is secreted by fibroblasts
(((slippery proteoglycans)))) function=lubrication, absorb shock, distrib nutrients |
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Cartilage
|
cushion joints
fib/cart pad called meniscus |
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Fat Pads
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protect art cartilage
-covers joint capsule (superficial to it) |
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Ligaments
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support/strengthen joints
(tendon also support joint) |
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Tendons
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attach muscle around joint
support joint (so does ligament) |
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Bursae
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Pockets of Synovial Fluid
-cushio where liga & tendons rub |
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What is a sprain?:
|
torn ligament & cart. fibers
|
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Dislocation aka luxation
& what does it damage |
articic surface is forced out of place
damages joint capsule, art cartil, & ligament |
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Subluxation
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partial dislocation
|
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What movement does ADDuction make?
|
move towards longitudinal axis of body
-frontal place angular motion |
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what movement does Circumduction make?
|
circular motion without rotation
angular motion |
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What movement does Rotation make?
|
diaphysis spins in circle
-relative to longitudinal axis of body direction of rotation from anatom position |
|
Medial rotation
Lateral Rotation |
Medial= inward rotation; towards axis
Lateral=outward rotation; away from axis |
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What movement is Supination & Pronation ?
what part of body does both movements? |
supination=forearm in anat. position; palm up
pronation=palm down; radius over ulna; rotates forearm *forearm does both movements |
|
inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion are in regard to?
& what how does each move? |
feet
inversion=twist sole medial eversion=twist sole lateral dorsiflexion=flexion at ankle-lift toes plantar=extension @ankle-point toe |
|
Oppositonal
|
thumb moves toward fingers/palm
make grasping motion |
|
What type of movement does
Protraction & Retraction make? |
Protraction=push forward in horizontal plane-moves anterior
Retractional=pull back in horizon plane |
|
Lateral Flexion
|
bend vertebral column side to side
|
|
Elevation
Depression |
Elevation= move in superior direction
(up) Depression=move in inferior direction (down) |
|
6 types of synovial joints
***remember acronym*** P.E.B(s).S.G.H |
PEBSGH=People Everywhere BS Simply to Gain Hierarchy
Pivot Ellipsoid Ball&Socket Saddle Glide Hinge |
|
What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Pivot |
rotation only
monaxial |
|
What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Ellipsoid **think eclipse |
Oval articular face within a depression
motion in 2 planes (biaxial) |
|
What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Ball-And-Socket |
Round articular face within depression
Triaxial |
|
What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Saddle |
straddled
2 directions (biaxial) |
|
What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Glide |
flat/slight curve face
limited movement (nonaxial) |
|
What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Hinge |
Angular motion
1 plane (monaxial) |
|
Which Joints Are These?
Acromclav joint & clavsternal joints intercarpal & intertarsal sacroilliac verto/costal |
Gliding
|
|
Which Joints Are These?
first carpometacarpal joint (trapezium&metacarpal joint of thumb) |
saddle joint
|
|
Which Joints Are These?
Shoulder joint (humerous/scapula) & hip Joint |
Ball-And-Socket
|
|
Which Joints Are These?
radiocarpal joint metacarpophalangeal metatarsalphalangeal |
Ellipsoid
|
|
Which Joints Are These?
atlas/axis proximal rradio-ulnar joint |
pivot
|
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Which Joints Are These?
elbow joint ankle joint knee joint interphlangeal joint |
hinge
|
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which joints are monoaxial? & what is the diff?
|
Hinge & Pivot.
Diff is Pivot is rotational only Henge is angular motion |
|
which joint is non axial
|
Gliding joint
|
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which joints are Biaxial
|
saddle & Ellipsoid
|
|
Which joints are triaxial?
|
Ball & socket
|
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which joint has largest articulation?
which has the smallest? |
largest=humero-ulnar
smallest= humeroradial |
|
what articulates in Humero-Ulnar joint?
|
Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
|
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What articulates in Humeroradial joint?
|
Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
|
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Joint with greatest range & least stable
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glenohumeral joint
|
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What is articulating at the glenohumeral joint?
|
head of humerus and glenoid cavity
of scapula |
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what bones articulate at the elbow?
|
humerus, radius, and ulna
|
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what bones make hip joint?
|
Head of femur fits into the socket of acetabulum
|
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weight transfers from ____ to ___
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femur to tibia
|
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there are 3 articulations in knee. 2 are in the tibia. 1)__ condyle 2). __ condyle.
3) ___ surface of the tibia |
1, medial
2, lateral 2.) patella |
|
what happens where you "Lock" your knees?
|
you jam the lateral meniscus between tibia and femur
|
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A Strain is a tear in the ___ not the ___.
A sprain is a partial/complete tear in the ___ & the ___ |
muscle not the joint
ligaments & capsule of joint |
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DIfference between Arthritis:::
Gouty, Osteo, Rheumatoid, |
gouty=cystals from in synovial fluid (calci or uric acid)
osteo=wear & tear of joints rheumatoid= inflam. involves immune sys |
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Epimysium 3 characteristics
|
1.) exterior cart. layer surrounds the whole muscle (organ)
2)seperates muscle from surrounding tissues 3)connected to deep fascia |
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Perimysium 2 characteristics
|
surrounds fascicles (bundles mus fiber)
contains blood vessel & nerve sup |
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Endomysium 3 characteristics
|
1. surroun, individual mus fib/cell
2. capillaries & nerve cells contacting muscle cells 3..myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage |
|
What is the sliding Filament Theory
what happens when to parts of sacromere during contracts? |
Thin fil slide toward M line
alongside thick filaments -width of A band stays same - Z lines move closer together -h band smaller -titan gets BIGGER |
|
Components of Sacromere
3 Lines, 3 bands +2 others |
M Line --A Band
Z Line ---I Band Z Line ---H Band Titin Zone of Overlap |
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What is the Neuromuscular Junction?
|
location of neural stim
ends at Synaptic Terminal Place where AP travels |
|
what are the 5 steps & location names involved with AP
(in the NMJ) |
1.) An ACTION potential arrives at the synaptic terminal (NMJ)
2.) Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft. (((vesicles in synaptic term fuse with nueron membrane & dump their contents in synap cleft))) 3.) AcH binds at the motor end plate ((binding of AcH to recept increases membrane perm to NA+. NA+ then rush in cell)) 4.) AP is in sacrolemma (motor end plate) {{AP spreads across surface of sacrolemma while this occurs AChE breaks down ACh 5.) Return to initial state ((if another AP arrive at NMJ, the cycles begins at step 1 again |
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What role does ACh (acetylocholine) have?
|
AcH gets released into synaptic cleff -->binds to receptors on sacrolemma (motor end plate)--> membrane changes periamble to Na+ -->NA+ rushes into sacrolemma -> AcH gets blocked/broken down by enzyme (AcHE)
|
|
What role does AchE (acetylocholiesterase) have on muscles?
|
breaks down AcH once it crosses the muscle motor plate & recycles it back to the nerve, clearing the synaptic cleft so another contract can happen
|
|
What role does Sodium play on muscle contraction?
|
once AcH binds to recept site on muscle plate, membrane gets periable to Na+ & triggers NA+ to rush in & Potass- to rush out.
It allows AP to jump to muscle side by causing exchange--depolarization of ions |
|
what is AP (action potential)?
what role does AP play in contraction? |
electrical nerve signal
generated by increas in NA+ ions in sacrolemma --> travels along t-tubes -> leads to excitation/contraction coupling-->AP reaches Triad |
|
how does AP to NMJ travel?
|
down length of axon & ending at Synaptic Terminal
|
|
AcH is released by what?
|
Synaptic Terminal
|
|
What is a synaptic cleft?
|
gap btwn synaptic terminal
& motor end plate |
|
What role does Caclium play in NMJ? & what 2 things does it require?
|
after AP reaches Triad--> it release Ca+ & triggers contraction
**requires myosin heads to be in "cocked position" & LOADED with ATP |
|
Neural stimulation of sarcolemma:
Causes _____ |
Causes excitation–contraction coupling
|
|
Cisternae of SR releases ____ which triggers interaction of ____ & ____. which consume ___ & produce tension
|
Ca2+
triggers interaction of thick/thin filament. consume ATP & produce tension |
|
5 steps of contraction ((in resting sacromere)))
|
1. Expos active sites
2. Formation of cross-bridges 3. Pivoting of myosin heads 4. Detachment of cross-bridges 5. Reactivation of myosin |
|
Difference btwn ACh & AChE on molecular level
|
AcH is transmitter
AchE is enzyme |
|
what produces tension?
|
As sarcomeres shorten, muscle pulls together
|
|
what causes Muscle Cramps?
|
Lack of ATP needed to pump Ca2+ back into SR & makes muscle stay partially contracted
|
|
what causes Rigor Mortis?
|
Ion pumps stop -> results in a lack of ATP--> Ca2+ builds up in the sarcoplasm
This prevents relaxation Thus a fixed muscular contraction after death |
|
Skeletal muscle fibers ___ as thin filaments slide btwn thick filaments
|
shorten
|
|
____in the sarcoplasm triggers contraction
|
Ca+
|
|
__ releases Ca2+ when a motor neuron stimulates the ____
|
SR
muscle fiber |
|
Contraction is a ___ process
|
active
|
|
Relaxation/return to resting length are ____ process
|
passive
|
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What are Myosin Heads? & what do they do during contraction?
|
the puck part of thick filament
Interact with actin filaments --> form cross-bridges --> Pivot --> producing motion |
|
what motion does Myosin head do?
|
Pivot
|
|
Thick filaments contain::
|
Myosin (head/tail)
Titin |
|
What is Titin?
(green coils) |
strands of protein
reach tips of thick fil to Z-Line Stabilize filaments recoil after stretching |
|
Twisted Myosin has Head & tail.
what is the function of them? +what head is made of? |
head=reaches nearest thin fil::: Made of 2 globular protein subunits
tail=Binds to other myosin molecules |
|
Hierarchy of Skel Muscle
|
Skeletal Mus --> mus Fascicle --> Muscle fiber/cell--> myoFIBRIL--> sacromere
|
|
Skel Mus is surrounded by _____ & contains _____
|
surrounded by Epimysium, contains bundles of mus fascicles
|
|
Mus Fascicle is surrounded by ____ & contains ____
|
surr by Perimysium
contains mus fibers |
|
Mus Fiber is surrounded by ___ & contains ______
|
surr by Endomysium
contains Myofibrils |
|
Myofibril is surrounded by ___ & contains ____
|
Sacroplasmic Reticulum (SR)
contains Sacromeres (z line to z line) |
|
what is a sacromere? & what does it contain? (not including lines &bands)
|
z line to z line
contains thin/thick filaments |
|
4 thin Filaments:
|
1. Nebulin
2. F-Actin ((Filamentous actin) 3. Tropmyosin 4. Troponin. |
|
*********************************
(((know all 4 thin Filament functions))) |
(((know all 4 thin Filament functions)))
|
|
memorize who string double pears moves ****LOOK AT PIC In NOTES
|
memorize who string double pears moves ****LOOK AT PIC In NOTES
|
|
Zone of overlap
|
where thin/thick fil overlap
|
|
H-Band
|
Area around M line
*only contains thick Fila |
|
what are A-Bands & I-Bands?
|
A Bands= thick
I Bands=Thin |
|
Alternating A& I Bands is called?
|
Striations
|
|
___ is in the center of the A-Bands
|
M line (also center of sacromere)
|
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____ is in the center of I-Bands
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Z-lines ((also at both ends of sacromere))
|
|
___ are the contractile units of muscle & form pattern of myofibril
|
Sacromere
|
|
Sacromeres are the structural unites of ____
|
Myobrils
|
|
What forms a triad?
|
2 terminal cisternae + 1 T-Tub
|
|
Calci is stored in ____ & released _____
|
Terminal Cisternae
released Zone of Overlap |
|
what causes the troponin/ tropmyosin to change form?
(pearls twist) |
Calci binds to Troponin
|
|
during contraction ___ gets bigger while ____ gets smaller
|
bigger= zone of overlap
smaller= muscle length |
|
What is Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)?
|
membrane struct surr each myofibril
help transmit AP |
|
____ Forms chambers (terminal cisternae) attached to T tubules
|
SR
|
|
___ transmits AP thru cell
|
T-Tubules (((Transverse tubuiles)
|
|
____ have same properties as sacrolemma & Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously
|
T-Tubes
|
|
It is the change in transmembrane potential that
begins contractions |
It is the change in transmembrane potential that
begins contractions |
|
all or nothing principle
|
as a whole a muscle fiber is contracted or relaxed
|
|
Aerobic Metabolism
how & where cells produce & store ATP |
-Rrimary energy source RESTING mus
*Breaks down fatty acids *Produces 34 ATP/glucose |
|
Anaerobic Glycolysis
How/where cells produce/store ATP |
*primary energy source PEAK mus activity
*makes 2 ATP mol/glucose *Breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscles |
|
Clostridium Botulinum aka Boltisim ( botox)
|
rod shape bacteria; improper canning of food
|
|
2 Drugs affecting NMJ
|
Neostigmine & curare
|
|
what happens in a resting muscle?
what does it break down & for what? |
fatty acids are broken down
The ATP it makes is used to build reservation Glycogen, ATP & CP |
|
What happens during mod activity?
what does it break down & for what? |
breaks down Glucose & ATP
the ATP it makes is used to power contraction |
|
what happens during heavy
what does it break down & why? |
ATP is made thru glycolysis with lactic acid as by-product
((((mitochondria only provide 1/3 of ATP consumed)))) |
|
what is Creatine phosphate (CP)?
|
storage mol for ATP in resting mus
|
|
what Energy recharges ADP to ATP?
|
CPK
|
|
Clostridium Botulinum produces neurotoxin botulin.. what does this toxin prevent?
|
release of ACh from motor nerve
fibers so skel mus cant contract |
|
Neostigmine produces Parasympathomimetic
what does this prevent? |
makes ACh accumulate by stopping AChE release
|
|
which disease has too few ACh?
|
MG
My asthenia gravis ((autoimmune disorder) |
|
Muscular Hypertrophy increases the size of?
|
muscle fibers
|
|
what is MD
|
muscle cells die & get replaced by fat & CT.
muscles deteriorate |
|
most common type of MD?
|
duch
|
|
With prolonged inactivity ___ ____ may replace muscle fibers
|
fibrous tissue
|
|
NMJ is the location of?
|
neural stimulation
|
|
which muscle "trophy" is this:
Lack of muscle activity;;; Reduces muscle size, tone, and power |
Atrophy
|
|
Output compression
|
Compression after volume control. As the volume control increases, the compression threshold decreases and the maximum output stays the same.
|
|
hemoglobin
|
transport O2 & CO2 in blood
|
|
myogobin
|
muscle cell stores o2, make muscles red
|
|
Isotonic contraction?
|
length moves &cause motion
|
|
isometric contraction? has ____ but ____ stays same
|
has tension but length stays same
|
|
type of tension that has greatest magnitude response?
(type of shot that hurts the most) |
tetanus
|
|
if mus tension is greater than load? ((((has special name)
|
concentric contraction
mus shortens |
|
if mus tension is less than load?((has special name)
|
eccentric contraction
mus lengthens |
|
which tension type gives firmness?
tony tone tone |
tonus ((tony-tone-tone)
|
|
Sustained contraction. 3 characteristics
**think of passing potan in race) |
1. Asynchronous Summation
2. let motor unites rest 3. rotating basis |
|
multiple motor unit Summation
|
group of muscles give smooth movement ;;; slow increase size or # stimulated
|
|
3 phases of Twitch
|
1. latent 2 contraction 3relax
|
|
what happens in each phase?
AP----grandmothers house we go |
**Lantent;; AP moves thru sacromere & trigger Calci release
*Contraction=cali binds to troponin;;;;cross bridge form; tension peak *Relaxation= tension fall-calci drop,, Active sites covered |
|
Fascicle Arrangement
uni |
Fibers on one side of tendon
Ex: extensor digitorum (top of forearm) |
|
Fascicle Arrangement
bi |
Fibers on both sides of tendon
Ex: rectus femoris (top of quadriceps) |
|
Fascicle Arrangement
multi |
Tendon branches within muscle
Ex: deltoid (shoulder) |
|
Fascicle Arrangement
pennate |
Form an angle with the tendon
more tension/myofibrils than parra BUT DONT MOVE FURTHER |
|
function of level
|
direct/strength of applied force
& dist/speed of AF |
|
def of orgins
|
fixed point of attachment
|
|
def of insertion
|
moving point of attachment
|
|
longus
|
long
|
|
parallel muscles
|
Fascicles parallel to the long axis of muscle
ex/ biceps brachii |
|
lever
|
each bone is mechanically a level
|
|
Longissimus
|
longEST
|
|
teres
|
long & round
|
|
Brevis
|
short
|
|
magnus
|
large
|
|
major
|
largER
|
|
Maximus
|
largEST
|
|
minor
|
small
|
|
minimus
|
smallEST
|
|
Extrinsic/ Intrinsic Muscles
|
ex=Muscles outside an organ
IN=Muscles inside an organ |
|
location
|
identifies body region
|
|
Rectus
|
straight
|
|
transverse
|
situated or lying across
|
|
oblique
|
angle (NOT PARRA orPERPEN)
|
|
first part of name indicated ______ & second part indicated _____
|
1st= origin
2nd=insertion |
|
correct name of muscle include name of musc except
(dont need to memorize just famil) |
Platysma
Diaphragm |
|
Anatagnost
|
opp movement of particular agonist
|
|
agonist
|
produce partic movement
|
|
synergist
|
small mus assists big agonist
|
|
mus work in opposites. when 1 contracts the other ____
|
stretches
|
|
1st class lever
give function & example what is happening btwn force & load |
see-saw
CF is btwn AF & load force & load are balanced |
|
first class body movement
|
nod head
|
|
2nd class lever
ex given |
wheel barrel
A small force moves a large weight The load is centered between AF and F |
|
2nd class body movement example
|
getting on tippy toes
|
|
3rd class lever (most common)
ex/given |
Center the AF between load and fulcrum
Greater force moves smaller resistance |
|
____Maximizes speed and distance traveled
|
3rd lever
|
|
ex/ body movement 3rd lever
|
flexation of arm at elbow
|
|
____ is Required to overcome load (L) or resistance
|
applied force (AF)
|
|
fulcrum (F)
|
fixed point
|
|
Circular Muscles aka
|
sphincters
|
|
____ open & close to guard entrances of body
|
circular muscles
|
|
Convergent Muscles
|
A broad area converges on attachment site;; mus fibers pull in diff directions
|