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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you know what you claim to know? Two realities
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Experiential reality:
Things we consider real from direct experience Agreement reality: Things we consider real because we have been told they are real |
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The two different forms of agreement reality
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Tradition reality
“” most people agree that it is real Authority “” status of the discoverer |
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Whats is the social scientific methodology?
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Specific approaches to discover reality that provided the basis for the finding to be given the status or reality
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Name different type of errors made by humans?
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innaccurate observation, overgeneralization, selective observation, Illogical reasoning, ideology
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What are the "4" purpose of research ?
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1) Exploration
2) Description 3) Explanation 4) Application |
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Name the Two different Variable
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Independent Variable: Something that is independent doesn't need any help
Depedent: it need help, from the independent. |
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Difference between Deductive reasoning and Inductive Reasoning
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Deductive Reasoning: moving from general to specific
Inductive Reason: Moving from specific to general |
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Ethics and CJ System
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no harm to participants, researchers/ assistance, and bystanders
(physical or Psychological harm) |
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Criteria of Causality
(Three in total) |
Association (Correlation or co-correlation) with the dependent or independent
Temporal Order (timing variables or direction of influence ) Making sure X really caused Y Non-spuriousness (elimination of Rival factors) making sure X and Y was cause by Z |
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Difference between Necessary Cause and Sufficient Cause
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Necessary: a condition that must be presented for the effect to follow
Sufficient: a condition that guarantees the effect in a question even though there may be others |
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Threats to Validity
2 out of 4 |
Construct Validity: How well does observed relationship reflect underlying caused process. Revolves around the issue with measurement
External Validity: Do cause and effect finding apply equality to different people, place, time. Do they apply to other population or geographical area (Generalization) |
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Threats to Validity
4 out of 4 |
Statistical Validity: are the two variable related to each other
internal validity: is the effect is caused by another variable other than X. (Eliminate Rival Factors) |
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Define Units of Analysis
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Who, or what is being study
Who or what is being targeted |
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Name Units of Analysis
2 out of 4 |
Individuals: taking information for everybody
Social Groups: share a social relationship (gangs, police beats, geographic region) |
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Name units of Analysis
4 out of 4 |
Social Organization: Shared an organization-groups (formal political & social organization)
Social Artifact: the product of people and behavior. (crime stories in media, police reports) |
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Time Dimension
Cross-Sectional vs Longitudinal |
Cross sectional : one point of view observation
Longitudinal: more than one observation, multiple observation. (temporal Order) |
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Define Trend
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study difference by years
EX: study trends in yearly CSUF grade since 1980 |
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Define Cohort
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study difference in cohort grade across time
EX: |
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Define Panel
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studies difference in student grades across time.
EX: study change in grade for CSUF student per semester |
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If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a generalized understanding of why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don’t fit. If you do, you have just made what error?
a. Inaccurate observation b. Overgeneralization c. Illogical reasoning d. Selective observation |
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Things we consider real because we’ve been told they are real are which type of reality?
a. Agreement reality b. Expressed reality c. Assumed reality d. Experiential reality |
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Gender and race are both examples of
a.An attribute b.A variable c.A description d.A fallacy |
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If the independent variable is the cause, then the dependent variable is the
a. Reason b. Description c. Effect d. Fallacy |
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Orange County has implemented a new policy regarding firearms. You want to evaluate its effects. The purpose of your research is
a. Exploration b. Description c. Explanation d. Application |
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The major distinction between quantitative and qualitative data is the distinction between
a. Written and spoken data b. Weights and measurements c. Numerical and nonnumeric data d. General and specific data |
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Which of the following is not an example of a concept?
a. Delinquency b. Social class c. Indoor temperature d. Social disorganization |
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Which of the following is not an example of a hypothesis?
a. Males score higher in math than females b. Poor children have higher delinquency rates than do middle-class children c. Why does the US have the highest incarceration rate in the world? d. Whose grades will be highest, those who study daily or those who study only before the exam? |
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All people are mortal; Socrates is a person; therefore, Socrates is mortal” is an example of
a. Induction b. Deduction c. Applied d. All of the above |
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The concept of “observation” in the language of science means
a. Looking at the world and making value judgments b. Looking at the world and making measurements of what is seen c. Looking at the world and making changes in what is seen d. None of the above |
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Which of the following best applies to the statement that “science is always objective”?
a. This only happens only in the study of economics b. Objectivity is more a matter of inter-subjective agreement c. Objectivity can never happen when one is engaged in scientific research d. If the researcher is aware of all |
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Which of the following cannot be studied scientifically?
a. The relationship between the number of police officers on the street and the crime rate b. The relationship between the number of police officers on the street and citizen satisfaction c. The role that an act of God plays on being arrested for a criminal offense d. The role that age plays in slowing one’s criminal activities |
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Sally begins to think about the classes she's enrolled in at her university. She notices that she speaks a lot in 3 of her classes and very little in two others. She also notices that the classes in which she speaks have female instructors and that she rarely speaks in the two classes with male instructors. She begins to list all her college courses, the gender of the professor and whether or not she spoke in the class. She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male. Sally is using
a. Illogical reasoning b. Inductive reasoning c. Deductive reasoning d. Ordinary human inquiry |
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The effect of violence in children’s programming is a major research endeavor
that requires counting the number of violent acts in Saturday morning cartoons for an entire year. The units of analysis being used for this project are: a. Social artifacts b. Individuals c. Groups d. Organizations |
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Professor Koo examined the literature on AIDS and could find nothing that examined children’s attitudes toward parents and friends with AIDS. To examine this topic, Koo should undertake a(n)
a. Examination of reductionism b. A descriptive study c. An exploratory study d. An explanatory study e. A panel study |
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In Sweden, there is a very strong correlation between the number of storks and the number of babies born. However, both of these variables are associated with region (rural vs. urban). This illustrates
a. That the number of storks is causally related to the number of babies born b. That the number of babies born precedes the number of storks in time c. That there is no causal relationship between the number of storks and the number of babies d. That storks really do bring |
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Professor Koo’s study of individuals who entered court mandated drug treatment in Orange County in 2000 was an attempt to measure recidivism (drug related crime/relapse) by following those individuals for 5 years. She examined records from police agencies and courts to determine how many individuals had been arrested, charged, or convicted. This is an example of what type of study?
a. Cross sectional study b. Trend study c. Cohort study d. Panel Study |
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A new police officer encounters a youth while working. The youth is rude and disrespectful. From this interaction, the police officer concludes that all the youths in the neighborhood are rude and disrespectful to police. This is an example of:
a. agreement reality b. inaccurate observation c. overgeneralization d. tradition |
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21. Researchers conduct an applied research to determine whether a new neighborhood watch program met its goal to reduce property crime. What type of study did they conduct?
a. evaluation b. exploration c. description d. explanation |
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21. Researchers conduct an applied research to determine whether a new neighborhood watch program met its goal to reduce property crime. What type of study did they conduct?
a. evaluation b. exploration c. description d. explanation |
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Your friend believes that all criminal justice majors are conservative. To support his belief, he references all the criminal justice majors he knows who are conservative. However, he ignores the other criminal justice majors who are not conservative. What error in reasoning does he illustrate?
a. illogical reasoning b. gambler’s fallacy c. inaccurate observations d. selective observation |
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Hello Kitty conducts a study to determine why juvenile delinquents recidivate after initial involvement in the juvenile justice system. What research purpose does this study serve?
a. description b. explanation c. application d. policy analysis |
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Darth Vader enters a classroom and asks the students to fill out a survey. The surveys do not contain any identifying information and students are directed not to write their names on the surveys and to place their surveys in a sealed box when leaving the classroom. This survey is:
a. anonymous b. unethical c. confidential d. anonymous and confidential |
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The norm of voluntary participation is usually satisfied through:
a. no harm to participants b. confidentiality c. consent d. anonymity |
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The requirement of “no harm to human subjects” is met if:
a. there is no risk of physical or emotional harm to the subjects b. the potential risks to the subjects are outweighed by the possible benefits of the study c. subjects are not informed of the potential risks of participating in the study d. there is no risk of physical harm to the subjects |
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In the following hypothesis, what is the unit of analysis? Police departments with more police officers employ a larger variety of policing strategies than police departments with fewer police officers.
a. social organization b. social artifact c. social group d. individual |
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If researchers collect and record the rate of the crime in a neighborhood every year for
10 years, what type of study are they conducting? a. panel b. cohort c. cross sectional d. trend |
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In order to establish causation, which three criteria must be met?
a. reliability, temporal order, lack of spurious factor b. correlation, temporal order, validity c. elimination of rival factors, validity, temporal order d. elimination of rival factors, temporal order, correlation |
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