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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self report techniques- questionnaires |
Pre set list of written questions which pps respond to. Open q:doesn’t have fixed answer,qualitative. Closed q: fixed range of answers, quantitative EVAL of open q: +cost effective.gathers large amounts of data quickly because can be distributed -responses may not be truthful-social desirability bias EVAL closed q: +easy to analyse and draw conclusions. Can compare, make charts/graphs -acquiescence bias-tendency to agree with questionnaire |
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Interviews |
Structured:pre determined set of questions Unstructured: no set questions, certain topics discussed Semi-structure: pre determined q’sbut can ask follow up q’s |
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Evaluation of interviews |
Structured: +easy to replicate & reduces differences in interviews -cannot deviate from topic or elaborate Unstructured: +much more flexibility,gain more insight -analysis not as easy drawing firm conclusions difficult |
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Observational techniques -Naturalistic |
Watching and recording behaviour in the setting within which it would normally occur EVAL: +high external validity-can be generalised to everyday life -lack of control over research makes replication difficult |
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Observational techniques -controlled |
Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment e.g. variables managed EVAL: +replication of the observation becomes easier-less extraneous variables -produce findings that cannot be applied to real life |
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Observational techniques -overt |
Overt-behaviour watched with knowledge & consent EVAL: +more ethically acceptable -knowledge participants are being observed May influence their behaviour |
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Observational techniques -overt |
Overt-behaviour watched with knowledge & consent EVAL: +more ethically acceptable -knowledge participants are being observed May influence their behaviour |
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Observational techniques -covert |
Without knowledge & consent EVAL: +ensures any behaviour observed will be natural-higher validity -ethics is an issue.participants need privacy & confidentiality |
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Observational techniques -participant |
Researcher becomes member of the group they’re observing EVAL: +gives increased insight into people being studied-increased validity -researcher may come to identify too strongly with pox and lose objectivity |
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Observational techniques -non participant |
Researcher remains outside the group EVAL: +maintain distance from participants so keep objective -may lose insight as they are far removed from the people they are studying |
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Observational techniques -unstructured/structured |
Unstructured:write down everything they see- rich detail Structured:target behaviours are main focus of obvservation |
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Observational techniques -behavioural categories |
When a target behaviour is broken up into components that are observable and measurable |
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Correlations |
Positive- as one variable increases so does the other Negative-as one variable increases the other decreases Zero-no relationship between variables EVAL: +useful preliminary tool, provides a precise measure of how variables are related +quick to carry out -can’t tell us WHY variables are related -another variable may be causing the relationship |
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Ethical issues |
DIPP Deception- deliberately misleading or withholding info Informed consent-making pps aware of the aims of research, procedures and their rights Protection from harm- pps shouldn’t be put at more risk that in daily life. Are not psychologically or physically harmed Privacy and confidentiality-have the right to control into about themselves, right of privacy, confidentially to have personal data protected. |
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Ethical issues |
DIPP Deception- deliberately misleading or withholding info Informed consent-making pps aware of the aims of research, procedures and their rights Protection from harm- pps shouldn’t be put at more risk that in daily life. Are not psychologically or physically harmed Privacy and confidentiality-have the right to control into about themselves, right of privacy, confidentially to have personal data protected. |
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Dealing with ethical issues |
Informed consent- Participants given consent letter with all info which is signed Deception-at end of study participants are given full de brief Protection from harm-BPS code of conduct, guidelines which ethic committees use to determine whether ethical Privacy and confidentiality-told what data is use and given the right to withhold it |
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Kinds of data -qualitative -quantitative |
Qualitative:data express in words-non numerical +richness of detail,allows pps & researchers to develop thoughts/opinions.high external validity -difficult to analyse- can’t be summarised statistically so patterns and comparisons hard to identify Quantitative: data in form of numbers usually, that can be counted +easier to analyse, comparisons and patterns easily drawn. More objective and less open to bias when interpreting data -much narrower in scope so mail fail to represent ‘real life’ |
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Kinds of data -primary -secondary |
primary:info obtained first hand by researcher, directly from pps as part of experiment +it is authentic data which fits what the researcher is intending to find -requires time and effort, uses lots of prep resources & planning Secondary:info that has already been collected by someone else eg gov stats +inexpensive and easily assessed, may not need to get primary data -may not be quality and accurate, may be outdated,incomplete. Also may not meet researchers objectives |
