Research Methods Exam 2

Front 1

Nomothetic Research

Back 1

- norm-referenced
- group approach
- describes avg. performance of pop. by using a sample
- obscures individual differences within a group

Front 2

Single Participant Design

Back 2

- earliest research used this approach
- easy to control extraneous variables (functional law can be established if treatment affects all individuals similarly)
- statistical techniques for analyzing group data weren't available
- successful because of large number of observations collected, tight control over extraneous variables, and very potent independent variable manipulations used
- now termed idiographic research

Front 3

Idiographic Research

Back 3

- research that focuses on individual differences
- used in case studies and case histories

Front 4

Functional Law

Back 4

statement of the form "If X, then Y will ensue"

Front 5

Functional Control

Back 5

Manipulation of an independent variable leads to systematic responses to the treatment

Front 6

Behavioral baseline

Back 6

- period of behavioral observation when no treatment or independent variable is present
- purpose is to see how the behavior occurs when no treatment is acting on it
- behavior must be allowed to stabilize

Front 7

Intervention Phase

Back 7

- the independent variable or treatment is introduced to assess how behavior changes
- presented until the behavior has stabilized

Front 8

Stability Criterion

Back 8

used to establish when the behavior in a phase has reached a steady-state that is unlikely to change unless there is a change in the conditions

Front 9

Phase Reversals

Back 9

- Going from baseline to intervention and back to baseline
- Allows for intraparticipant replication

Front 10

Intraparticipant Replication

Back 10

used to establish the reliability of the effect

Front 11

Interparticipant Replication

Back 11

- several participants are used
- data from individuals used, not behavior of group

Front 12

AB Single-participant Design

Back 12

- baseline established and then treatment is given
- low internal validity
- at least one variable is confounded with treatment induction (passage of time, history, maturation)
- cannot establish existence of functional control

Front 13

ABA Single-Participant Design

Back 13

- baseline established, treatment given, then treatment is removed to see if behavior reverts back to baseline level
- additional reversals may be used (ABAB)

Front 14

Carryover Effect

Back 14

- baseline may not be totally recoverable following treatment due to carryover effect
- e.g. potty training or bed wetting may be nonreversible

Front 15

3 Types of Multiple Baseline Procedures

Back 15

1. Multiple baseline across participants
2. Multiple baseline across behaviours
3. Multiple baseline across situations