Radiographic Procedures 3 Test 2

Front 1

Skull is divided into what 2 parts?

Back 1

Cranium

Facial Bones

Front 2

How many cranium bones are there?

Back 2

8

Front 3

How many facial bones are there?

Back 3

14

Front 4

What are the names of the 8 cranial bones?

Back 4

-Frontal

-Both Parietal

-Occipital

-Both Temporals

-Sphenoid

-Ethmoid

Front 5

What cranial bones make up the Calvarium?

Back 5

-Frontal

-Both Parietal

-Occipital

Front 6

What cranial bones make up the floor of the cranium?

Back 6

-Both Temporals

-Sphenoid

-Ethmoid

Front 7

Back 7

A- Frontal

B- R Parietal

C- R Temporal

D- Ethmoid

E- Sphenoid

Front 8

Back 8

A- Frontal

B- Ethmoid

C- Sphenoid

D- Temporal

E- Occipital

F- Parietal

Front 9

Which 4 bones articulate with the Frontal bone?

Back 9

-R and L Parietal

-Sphenoid

- Ethmoid

Front 10

Back 10

A- Glabella

B- Supercilliary Ridge (arch)

C- Supraorbital Margin (SOM)

D- Supraorbital Notch (foramen)

E- Supraorbital Groove

F- Frontal Tuberosity (eminence)

Front 11

Back 11

A- Frontal Tuberosity (eminence)

B- Supraorbital Groove

C- Glabella

D- Supercilliary Ridge (arch)

E- Supraorbital Margin (SOM)

Front 12

How many bones does the Parietal bones articulate with?

Back 12

5

Front 13

How many bones does the Occipital bones articulate with?

Back 13

6

Front 14

What bones do the Parietal bones articulate with?

Back 14

-Frontal

-Occipital

-Temporal

- Sphenoid

- Opposite Parietal

Front 15

What bones do the Occipital bones articulate with?

Back 15

-L and R Parietal

-L and R Temporal

-Sphenoid

-Atlas

Front 16

The Temporal bone is divided into how many parts?

Back 16

3

Front 17

What are the names of the three parts of the Temporal bone?

Back 17

Squamous

Mastoid

Petrous

Front 18

What bone is purple and what are the parts labeled?

Back 18

Temporal Bone

A- Squamous Portion

B- Mastoid Portion

C- Mastoid Process

D- Styloid Process

E- Petrous Portion

F- Petrous Ridge

Front 19

What 3 bones do the Temporal bones articulate with?

Back 19

Parietal

Occipital

Sphenoid

Each Temporal bone also articulates with 2 facial bones

Front 20

What bones does the Sphenoid bone articulate with?

Back 20

All 7 cranial bones

5 Facial Bones:

-R and L Palantine Bones

-R and L Zygomatic Bones

-Vomer

Front 21

What bone is colored purple and what are the other labeled parts?

Back 21

Temporal Bone

A- Frontal Bone

B- L Temporal Bone

C- Petrous Ridge

D- Occipital Bone

E- Jugular Foramen

F- EAM (External Acoustic Meatus)

G- Internal Acoustic Meatus

H- Petrous Pyramid

I- R Temporal Bone

J- Sphenoid Bone

Front 22

What bone is colored in and what are the other labeled parts?

Back 22

Sphenoid

A- Anterior Clinoid Process

B- Foramen Rotundum

C- Foramen Ovale

D- Foramen Spinosum

E- Clivus

F- Dorsum Sellae

G- Sella Turcica

H- Greater Wing

I- Lesser Wing

Front 23

The Ethmoid bone articulates with how many cranial bones and how many facial bones?

Back 23

2 Cranial

-Frontal

-Sphenoid

11 facial bones

Front 24

Label the parts

Back 24

A- Frontal Bone

B- Parietal Bone

C- Temporal Bone

D- Occipital Bone

E- Body of Sphenoid (sinus)

F- Pterygoid Process

G- Pterygoid Hamulus

H- Vomer

I- Perpendicular Plate

J- Cribriform Plate

K- Crista Galli

L- Frontal SInus

Front 25

Name the 4 Cranial Sutures

Back 25

•Coronal

•Lambdoidal

•Squamosal

•Sagittal

Front 26

What projection is this and what are its parts?

Back 26

AP Axial

A- Dorsum Sellae of Sphenoid

B- Posterior Clinoid Processes

C- Petrous Ridge

D- Parietal Bone

E- Occipital Bone

F- Foramen Magnum

Front 27

What projection is this and what are its parts?

Back 27

Lateral

A- EAM

B- Mastoid portion of Temporal Bone

C- Occipital Bone

D- Lambdoidal Suture

E- Clivus

F- Dorsum Sellae

G- Posterior Clinoid Processes

H- Anterior Clinoid Processed

I- Vertex of Cranium

J- Coronal Suture

K- Frontal Bone

L- Orbital Plates

M- Cribriform Plate

N- Sella Turcica

O- Body of Sphenoid

Front 28

What projection is this and what are its parts?

Back 28

PA Caldwell

A- Supraorbital Margin of R Orbit

B- Crista Galli of Ethmoid

C- Sagittal Suture

D- Lambdoidal Suture

E- Petrous Ridge

Front 29

What are the 3 divisions of the ear?

Back 29

External Ear

Middle Ear

Internal Ear

Front 30

The Middle Ear communicates with the _________ and the __________

Back 30

-nasopharynx(Eustachian tube)

-mastoids (aditus)

Front 31

The EustachianTube equalizes _________ and is a pathway for _________

Back 31

pressure

disease organisms

Front 32

Name the 3 auditory ossicles

Back 32

1) Malleus(hammer)

2) Incus(tooth or anvil)

3) Stapes(stirrup)

Front 33

What kind of skull is this?

Back 33

Mesocephalicskull

-Skullof average shape

-Width75%-80% of length

Front 34

Name the labeled planes and landmarks

Back 34

A- Glabella

B- Nasion

C- Acanthion

D- Mental Point

E- Midsagittal Plane (MSP)

F- Gonion

G- Interpupillary Line (IPL)

H- Supercilliary Ridge (arch)

I- Supraorbital Groove (SOG)

Front 35

Name the labeled surface landmarks

Back 35

A- Top of Ear Attachment (TEA)

B- Auricle (pinna)

C- Tragus

D- Gonion

E- Mental Point

F- Acanthion

G- Nasion

H- Glabella

Front 36

Label the landmarks of orbit

Back 36

A- SOM

B- Midlateral Orbital Margin

C- IOM

D- Inner Canthus

E- Outer Canthus

Front 37

Orbitomeatal line(OML)

Back 37

From outer eye canthus to EAM

Front 38

Infraorbitomeatalline(IOML)

Back 38

From infraorbital margin to EAM

Front 39

Glabellomeatal line(GML)

Back 39

From glabella to EAM

Front 40

Interpupillary line(IPL)

Back 40

Perpendicular line between pupils of eyes

Front 41

Acanthiomeatal line(AML)

Back 41

From acanthion to EAM

Front 42

Mentomeatal line(MML)

Back 42

From mental point (center of chin) to EAM

Front 43

What are the 5 common positioning errors when positioning a skull?

Back 43

1.Rotation

2.Tilt

3.Excessiveflexion

4.Excessiveextension

5.IncorrectCR angle

Front 44

For the PA Projection of the skull the OML is _________ to the CR and _________ to the IR. And the Petrous Ridges __________.

Back 44

parallel

perpendicular

fill orbits (0 degree PA)

Front 45

For the Parietoacanthial (Water's) Projection of the skull, the MML is __________ to the CR and __________ to the IR. And the Petrous Ridges are __________.

Back 45

paralell

perpedicular

below maxillary sinuses

Front 46

Why is an Erect position preferred to a Recumbent position when it comes to x-raying the skull?

Back 46

Air-fluid levels shown

Easier for hypertension patients

Front 47

Which cranial bone houses the organs for hearing and equilibrium?

Back 47

Temporal

Front 48

The positioning point at the junction of the upper lip and the nasal septum is:

Back 48

Acanthion

Front 49

What is the routine for a Cranium (skull) series?

Back 49

-AP Axial (Towne)

-Lateral

-PA 15 degree (Caldwell), PA 25-30 degree, or PA 0 degree

** PA 25-30 not likely**

Front 50

What are the special projections for a Cranium?

Back 50

-PA axial (Haas)

-SMV (submentovertex)

Front 51

For an AP Axial (Towne Method) what is the CR angle and where is the CR?

Back 51

- CR 30° caudad to OML or 37° to IOML

- CR 2½ in (6.5 cm) above glabella

** At 30, top of IR usually even with top of head**

Front 52

For an AP Axial (Towne Method), where is the Dorsum Sellae and how are the Petrous Ridges?

Back 52

•Dorsum sellae projected within foramen magnum

•Petrous ridges symmetric

Front 53

Is this an acceptable AP Axial projection?

Back 53

Yes this is an acceptable exposure because:

-Dorsum sellae projected within foramen magnum

-Entire skull visualized

-No rotation or tilt

-Petrous ridges are symmetric

-Optimal exposure factors

**The chin is down a little too much**

Front 54

For a Lateral Skull, what is parallel and perpendicular to the CR? Where is the CR?

Back 54

MSP Parallel

Interpupillary Perpendicular

CR 2 in (5 cm) superior to EAM

Front 55

What are the evaluation criteria for a Lateral Skull?

Back 55

-Entire skull visualized

-Cranium seen without rotation or tilt

-Correct flexion and extension of skull

-Optimal exposure factors

Front 56

Is this an acceptable Lateral Skull?

Back 56

Yes this is acceptable because:

-Entire skull visualized

-Cranium seen without rotation or tilt

-Correct flexion and extension of skull

-Optimal exposure factors

Front 57

For a 15 degree PA Cranium, where does the CR exit?

Back 57

-Nasion

Front 58

For a 0 degree PA Cranium, where does the CR exit?

Back 58

- Glabella

Front 59

For the PA 15° (Caldwell), where are the Petrous Ridges?

Back 59

-Petrous ridges over lower ⅓ of orbits

Front 60

Is this an acceptable PA 15 degree (Caldwell) projection?

Back 60

Yes this is acceptable because:

-Entire skull visualized

-No rotation

-Petrous ridges over lower ⅓ of orbits

-Optimal exposure factors

** Cropped a little too tightly**

Front 61

What is the main difference in criteria between a 0 degree PA cranium projection and a 15 degree (Caldwell) projection?

Back 61

0 degree: Petrous ridges over supraorbital margin

15 degree: Petrous ridges over lower 1/3 of orbits

Front 62

What projection is this and how do you know?

Back 62

0° PA projection

Because the Petrous ridges are over supraorbital margin

Front 63

What projection is this and how do you know?

Back 63

15° Caldwell

Because the Petrous ridges are over the lower ⅓ of orbits

Front 64

For an SMV projection, what is the CR perpendicular to and where is the CR placed?

Back 64

-perpendicular to IOML and IR

-CR1½ in (4 cm) inferior to mandibular symphysis

Front 65

For the SMV projection of the skull, where are the Mandibular Condyles?

Back 65

-Mandibular condyles anterior to petrous pyramids

Front 66

Is this an acceptable SMV for the skull?

Back 66

Yes this is an acceptable image because:

-Mandibularcondyles anterior to petrous pyramids

Front 67

An AP Axial is better known as a:

Back 67

Townes

Front 68

A PA Axial (Haas) is better known as a:

Back 68

Reverse Townes

Front 69

For a Trauma Lateral Skull, what will be performed?

Back 69

A cross table lateral skull to evaluate fluid/air levels

Front 70

For a PA Axial (Haas) or Reverse Townes Projection, what is perpendicular? What is the CR angle? Where is the CR?

Back 70

-OML Perpendicular

-CR 25 cephalad

-CRexit 1½ in (4 cm) superior to nasion

Front 71

What are the evaluation criteria for a PA Axial (Haas) or Reverse Townes Projection?

Back 71

Similar to AP axial except:

•Dorsum sellae appears larger within foramen magnum

•Magnification of occipital bone evident

Front 72

What are 2 repeatable errors that are present on this radiograph?

Back 72

1) Rotation- maxillary sinuses in front, mandible not superimposed

2) Clipped in back- must include soft tissue

Front 73

How are tilt and rotation determined on this lateral projection?

Back 73

Tilt: orbital plates not superimposed

Rotation: mandibles are in front of the other

Front 74

There is a ___ difference between the orbitomeatal and infraorbitomeatal lines.

Back 74

7° to 8°

Front 75

T or F: Metastaticosteoblastic lesions of the cranium are proliferative bony lesions of increaseddensity.

Back 75

True

Front 76

Which projection of the skull will best demonstrate signs of a pituitary adenoma?

Back 76

Lateral

**because pituitary is within the Sella Turcica**

Front 77

How much CR angle is required for the AP axial projection of the skull if the IOML is perpendicular to the IR?

Back 77

37°

Front 78

Which positioning error is present if the orbital plates are not superimposed on a lateral skull radiograph?

Back 78

Tilt

**tilt is most correct, but could be a combo of both tilt and rotation**

Front 79

Which variation of the PA (axial) projection of the skull has been performed if the petrous ridges are at the level of the supraorbital margin?

Back 79

PA 0°

Front 80

What type of CR angle is required for a PA axial (Haas method) projection of the skull?

Back 80

25°cephalad

Front 81

What is a Linear Fracture?

Back 81

jagged/irregular lucent lines that lie at right angles to axis of bone

Front 82

What is a depressed fracture?

Back 82

"ping-pong" fracture

fragment of bone that's separated and depressed into cranial cavity

Front 83

What is a basal fracture?

Back 83

fractures through dense inner structures of Temporal Bone

Front 84

Name the numbered parts

Back 84

1- Glabelloalveolar

2- Mentomeatal Line (MML)

3- Lips-Meatal Line (LML)

4- Acanthiomeatal Line (AML)

5- Infraorbitomeatal Line (IOML)

6- Orbitomeatal Line (OML)

7- Glabellomeatal Line (GML)

8- External Acoustic Meatus

9- Inion

Front 85

Name the 14 facial bones

Back 85

R and L Nasal

R and L Lacrimal

R and L Maxillary

R and L Zygomatic

R and L Palantine

R and L Inferior Nasal Conchae

Vomer

Mandible

Front 86

Name the labeled facial bones

Back 86

A- Lacrimal

B- Nasal

C- Zygoma

D- Maxilla

E- Mandible

Front 87

Name the labeled facial bones

Back 87

A- L Nasal

B- L Lacrimal

C- L Zygoma

D- L Inferior Nasal Conchae

E- L Maxilla

F- Mandible

Front 88

What 2 cranial bones does the Maxilla articulate with?

Back 88

Frontal

Ethmoid

Front 89

What 7 facial bones does the Maxilla articulate with?

Back 89

Zygoma

Lacrimal

Nasal

Palantine

Inferior Nasal Concha

Vomer

Adjacent Maxilla

Front 90

Back 90

A- Frontal Process

B- Zygomatic Process

C- Body

D- Alveolar Process

E- Acanthion

F- Anterior Nasal Spine

Front 91

Back 91

A- Frontal Process

B- Zygomatic Process

C- Alveolar Process

D- Maxillary Sinuses

Front 92

What cranial bones do the zygomatic bones articulate with?

Back 92

Frontal

Maxilla

Temporal

Front 93

Back 93

A- Coronoid Process

B- Mandibular Notch

C- Condyloid Process

D- Condyle

E- Neck

F- Ramus

Front 94

Sutures

Back 94

Fibrous

Synathrodial

Front 95

Alveoli and Teeth

Back 95

Fibrous

Synathrodial

Front 96

TMJ

Back 96

Synovial

Diarthrodial

Bicondylar

Front 97

Back 97

A- Frontal (orbital plate)

B- Zygoma

C- Maxilla

Front 98

Back 98

A- Frontal

B- Lacrimal

C- Ethmoid

D- Sphenoid

E- Palantine

F- Zygoma

G- Maxilla

H- Orbital surface of maxilla

Front 99

Back 99

A- Frontal Bone (Orbital Plate)

B- Sphenoid Bone

C- Small portion of Palantine Bone

D- Zygomatic Bone

E- Maxillary Bone

F- Ethmoid Bone

G- Lacrimal Bone

Front 100

Back 100

A- Zygomatic Prominence

B- Body of Maxilla

C- Bony Nasal Septum

D- Anterior Nasal Spine

E- Zygomatic Arch

F- Coronoid Process

G- Condyle

H- Mastoid Process of Temporal Bone

I- Angle of Mandible

J- Foramen Magnum

Front 101

What is the routine for facial bones?

Back 101

Lateral

Parietocanthial (Waters)

PA Axial (Caldwell)

Front 102

Why are erect facial projections preferred to recumbent ones?

Back 102

Air-fluid levels shown

Easier for hypersthenic patients

Easier to move and visualize face

Front 103

When do you use recumbent facial projections?

Back 103

Trauma

Unstable patient

Front 104

For Lateral Facial Bones projection, the CR is _________ and centered to the _________. What must be included?

Back 104

Perpendicular

Zygoma

Above orbits, entire mandible, all the way back to EAM, entire nose

Front 105

What are the evaluation criteria for Lateral Facial Bones?

Back 105

•Zygomatic bones in center of radiograph

Front 106

For a Parietocanthial (Waters) projection, the _____ is perpendicular to the IR and the CR is __________ to the IR and exits at the _________.

Back 106

MML

Perpendicular

Acanthion

Front 107

For an Erect Parietocanthial (Waters) Projection, the CR is __________ with 37 degree _____ and IR and the _____ perpendicular to IR.

Back 107

Horizontal

OML

MML

Front 108

What are the evaluation criteria for a Parietocanthial (Waters) Projection?

Back 108

•Petrous ridges below maxillary sinuses

Front 109

For a Modified Parietocanthial (Modified Waters) Projection, the CR is perpendicular and exits at the __________. The _____ is perpendicular to the IR and the _____ is 55 degree angle to the IR.

Back 109

Acanthion

LML

OML

Front 110

Which projection is ideal to demonstrate possible orbital fractures and foreign bodies in the eye?

Back 110

Modified Parietocanthial (Modified Waters)

Front 111

What are the evaluation for a Modified Parietocanthial (Modified Waters) projection?

Back 111

•Petrous ridges projected in lower ⅓ of maxillary sinuses

•Orbital floors not distorted

Front 112

For a PA Axial (Caldwell) Projection, the _____ is perpendicular to the IR with a 15 degree _________ angle that exits at the _________.

Back 112

OML

Caudal

Nasion

Front 113

What are the evaluation criteria for a PA Axial (Caldwell) Projection?

Back 113

•Petrous ridges projected into lower ⅓ of orbits

Front 114

What is the routine for Nasal Bones?

Back 114

Lateral

Parietocanthial (Waters)

Front 115

What are the special projections for the Nasal Bones?

Back 115

PA Axial (Caldwell)

Superoinferior Tangential (axial)

Front 116

For the Lateral Nasal Bones Projection, what line is perpendicular to the IR? Is the CR perpendicular or parallel? Where is the CR centered?

Back 116

Interpupillary

Perpendicular

1/2 inch inferior to Nasion

Front 117

What are the evaluation criteria for a Lateral Nasal Bones Projection?

Back 117

•Nasal bones centered

•Closecollimation

Front 118

For the Superoinferior Tangential Axial projection of the Nasal bones, the IR is perpendicular to what line? The CR is parallel to what line? This projection demonstrates possible what?

Back 118

GAL

GAL

Medial-lateral displacement

Front 119

What are the evaluation criteria for the Superoinferior Tangential Axial projection of the Nasal bones?

Back 119

•Nasal bones free of superimposition

Front 120

What projections are included in the Basic Zygomatic Arch Routine?

Back 120

Submentovertex (SMV)

Oblique Inferosuperior (Tangential)

AP Axial (modified Townes)

Front 121

For an SMV projection of the Zygomatic Arches, the CR is perpendicular to the _____ and the _____ is parallel to the IR

Back 121

IOML

IOML

Front 122

What are the evaluation criteria for an SMV projection of the Zygomatic Arches?

Back 122

•Zygomatic arches well demonstrated in profile

•Zygomatic arches symmetric

Front 123

For an Oblique Inferosuperior Tangential Projection of the Zygomatic Arches, the _____ is parallel to the IR, you rotate and tilt the skull _____ toward the affected side, the CR is __________ to the IR and the IOML, and the CR is to the __________.

Back 123

IOML

15 degrees

perpendicular

arch of interest

Front 124

What are the evaluation for an Oblique Inferosuperior Tangential Projection of the Zygomatic Arches?

Back 124

•Zygomatic arches well demonstrated

•No superimposition

Front 125

For an AP Axial Modified Townes projection of the Zygomatic Arches, the CR is _____ to the _____ or _____ to the _____. The CR is _____ superior to the __________ to pass through __________.

Back 125

30 degrees OML

37 degrees IOML

1 inch

Glabella

Mid arches

Front 126

What are the evaluation criteria for an AP AxialModified Townes projection of the Zygomatic Arches?

Back 126

•Zygomatic arches centered

Front 127

What is the routine for a Mandible?

Back 127

Axiolateral Oblique

PA (or PA Axial)

Front 128

What are the special projections for a Mandible?

Back 128

Submentovertex

Panorex

Front 129

In regards to an Axiolateral Oblique Mandible, when the head is in a true lateral, the __________ is best demonstrated.

Back 129

Ramus

Front 130

In regards to an Axiolateral Oblique Mandible, when there is a 30 degree rotation toward the IR, the __________ is best demonstrated.

Back 130

Body

Front 131

In regards to an Axiolateral Oblique Mandible, when there is a 45 degree rotation toward the IR, the __________ is best demonstrated.

Back 131

Mentum

Front 132

In regards to an Axiolateral Oblique Mandible, when there is a 10-15 degree rotation toward the IR, a __________ is best demonstrated.

Back 132

General survey of the mandible

Front 133

List the methods to minimize superimposition of opposite mandibular body

Back 133

1) Employ combo of tilt on head and CR angle not to exceed 25 degrees

or

2) Employ 25 degree cephalad angle toward IR with no head tilt

Front 134

What are the evaluation criteria for an Axiolateral Oblique of the Mandible?

Back 134

•Area of interest demonstrated

•Mandible not foreshortened

Front 135

A radiograph of a PA Caldwell projection for sinuses reveals that the petrous ridges are projected into the lower one third of the maxillary sinuses. Which of the following modifications should be made during the repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic image?

A.Increase the extension of the head and neck

B.Decrease the extension of the head and neck

C.Nothing, accept the initial radiograph

D.Angle the CR 10o caudad

Back 135

B. Decrease the extension of the head and neck

Front 136

A radiograph of a Waters projection reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower third of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this radiographic finding?

A.Insufficient extension of the chin

B.Excessive extension of the chin

C.Excessive CR angulation

D.No error, accept initial radiograph

Back 136

A. Insufficient extension of the chin

Front 137

A blowout fracture of the orbit may be indicated by an air fluid level in which of the paranasal sinuses?

Back 137

A. Maxillary Sinuses

Front 138

Which facial bones are clearly demonstrated on the parietoacanthial projection (Waters method)?

1.) orbits

2.) maxillae

3.) zygomatic arches

Back 138

1, 2, and 3

Front 139

For the submentovertical projection of the zygomatic arches, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the:

1.mentomeatal line

2.acanthiomeatal line

3.infraorbitomeatal line

4.orbitomeatal line

Back 139

3. infraorbitomeatal line

Front 140

To successfully demonstrate the ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses on the SMV projection, which of the following must occur?

1.) the patient must be recumbent

2.) the infraorbitomeatal line must be parallel with the IR

3.) the central ray must be perpendicular to the infraorbitomeatal line and horizontal

Back 140

2 and 3

Front 141

For a lateral projection of the facial bones, the IR is centered to the:

Back 141

1. zygomatic bone

Front 142

Which of the sinuses is developed at birth and visible radiographically?

Back 142

2. maxillary

Front 143

Where is the IR centered for the parietoacanthial (Waters method) projection of the sinuses?

Back 143

1. acanthion

Front 144

Which of the following is true regarding positioning for the Waters method?

1.) the orbitomeatal line forms a 37-degree angle with the plane of the IR

2.) the mentomeatal line is perpendicular to the IR plane

3.) the coronal plane is perpendicular to the IR plane

Back 144

1 and 2

Front 145

Label the facial bones

Back 145

A- Nasal Bones

B- Lacrimal Bones

C- Zygoma

D- Inferior Nasal Conchae

E- Maxilla

F- Mandible

Front 146

Back 146

A- Frontal Sinuses

B- Maxillary Sinuses

C- Zygoma

D- Petrous Ridge

E- Mandibular ramus

F- Nasal Septum

G- Orbital Floor

H- Sphenoid Sinuses

Front 147

The maxillary sinuses are best shown with the ______________ projection.

Back 147

Waters

Front 148

You are performing an AP axial (Towne) projection for TMJs. As compared to a standard Towne for a skull, what adjustments must be made in order to properly demonstrate the TMJ's?

A.Collimation to a smaller area

B.CR centered lower, placing TMJ's in center of field

C.Perform images both open mouth and closed mouth

D.No changes are needed. A town view is not changed for TMJs

E.The OML is angled 15o to the plane of the IR

Back 148

A. Collimation to a smaller area

B. CR centered lower, placing TMJ's in center of field

C. Perform images both open mouth and closed mouth

Front 149

A properly positioned AP axial (Towne) projection should project the dorsum sellae in to the middle aspect of the:

Back 149

Foramen Magnum

Front 150

An enlarged or eroded sella turcica seen on a lateral skull image may indicate what pathology?

Back 150

Pituitary adenoma

Front 151

Back 151

A- Frontal sinuses

B- Ethmoid Sinuses

C- Sphenoid Sinuses

D- Maxillary Sinuses

E- Ethmoid Sinuses

F- Frontal sinuses

G- Maxillary Sinuses

H- Sphenoid Sinuses

Front 152

When performing a lateral facial bones image, which of the following does NOT need to be included on the image?

A. Entire mandible

B. Entire maxilla

C. Entire Zygoma

D. Entire frontal bone

Back 152

D. Entire frontal bone

Front 153

You have performed a PA Caldwell of the sinuses. The petrous ridges are projected into the lower third of the orbits. What adjustment should be made to improve this image?

Back 153

Nothing. This is an acceptable image.

Front 154

Which sinus projection demonstrates all four sets of sinuses?

Back 154

Lateral

Front 155

Which one of the following pathologic indications may require a decrease in manual exposure factors?

Back 155

Mutliple Myeloma

Front 156

When performing an SMV for sinuses, what is the correct centering point for the CR?

Back 156

Midway between the angles of the mandible

Front 157

For a lateral projection of the skull or sinuses, the _______________ line must be perpenidcular to the image receptor to insure there is no tilt.

Back 157

IPL

Front 158

The OML is tilted ______________ degrees from perpendicular for a modified PA Caldwell for paranasal sinuses.

Back 158

15

Front 159

The ________ position best demonstrates the frontal sinuses without superimposition or excessive distortion

Back 159

Caldwell

Front 160

A fracture involving the facial bones where a blow to one side causes a fracture to the opposite side is termed a ____ fracture.

Back 160

Contrecoup

Front 161

A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series on a cart. She is unable to stand or sit erect for any of the projections. Which of the following projections will best detect any air/fluid levels present in the maxillary sinuses?

Back 161

Horizontal Beam Lateral

Front 162

A radiograph of a lateral cranium reveals that the mentum was cut off from the bottom of the radiograph. A 24 ´ 30-cm (10 ´ 12-inch) IR was used, and it was placed crosswise. What must be altered if a repeat exposure is performed?

A. Center the CR at the EAM

B. Increase SID to reduce magnification

C. Place the 24 ´ 30-cm (10 ´ 12-inch) IR lengthwise

D. None of the above; all of the structures were demonstrated.

Back 162

D. None of the above; all of the structures were demonstrated.

Front 163

A radiograph of a submentovertex projection reveals that the mandible is superimposed over the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. Which of the following modifications will eliminate this problem?

a. Increase the flexion of the head and neck.

b. Perform the axiolateral oblique instead of the submentovertex projection.

c. Increase the extension of the head and neck.

d. Perform the projection with the patient supine.

Back 163

Increase the extension of the head and neck.

Front 164

For a PA and PA Axial Mandible, the ______ is perpendicular to the IR. The CR is perpendicular and exits at the ______.

Back 164

OML

Lips

Front 165

What are the evaluation criteria for a PA Mandible?

Back 165

•Condyloid processes demonstrated and symmetric

Front 166

For an SMV of the Mandible, the ______ is parallel to the IR and the CR is __________ and perpendicular to the ______.

Back 166

IOML

midway between mandibular angles

IOML

Front 167

What are the evaluation criteria for an SMV of the Mandible?

Back 167

•Entire mandible demonstrated

Front 168

What is the routine for the Optic Foramina?

Back 168

Parietoorbital Oblique (Rhese)

Parietoacanthial (Waters)

PA (Caldwell)

Front 169

What is the name of this projection?

Back 169

Rhese Method (3 point landing) for optic foramina

Front 170

When doing an AP Axial Modified Townes projection, the ______ is perpendicular to the IR, the CR is angled _____ caudad, and the CR is at the level of the _____ (2 in anterior to the _____).

Back 170

OML

35 degrees

TMJ

EAM

Front 171

What are the evaluation criteria for the AP Axial TMJ?

Back 171

•Condyloid processes and TM fossa demonstrated

Front 172

What is this projection?

Back 172

AP Axial (Modified Townes) For TMJ

Front 173

When doing an Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method) for TMJ, rotate the skull ____ toward the IR, place the CR 1 and 1/2 in superior to the upside of the _____, and angle the CR _____ caudad.

Back 173

15 degrees

EAM

15 degrees

Front 174

Blowout fracture

Back 174

caused by “head on” injury to the orbit, often in sports

•Fractures floor of the orbit

•Often causes injury to eye globe and nerves •Maxillary sinuses filed with blood and/or eye contents

Front 175

Tripodfracture

Back 175

caused by blow to the cheek

•Fractures zygoma in three places and frees zygoma, separating it from other bones

•Often seen as fracture to inferior and lateral borders of orbits on Water’s view

Front 176

What projection is this and what needs to be done to fix it?

Back 176

SMV Mandible

the head needs to be tilted back

Front 177

What is the positioning error for a parietocanthial (Waters) projection if the petrous ridges are within the maxillary sinuses?

Back 177

Excessive flexion

fix it with more extension

Front 178

T or F: The Axiolateral Oblique (modified Law) projection for TMJ requires a CR angle of 15 degrees caudad and 15 degrees downward rotation of the skull from a lateral skull position.

Back 178

False

Front 179

A fracture of the floor of the orbit due to a direct strike to the base is termed a:

Back 179

Blowout Fracture

Front 180

What are the 4 groups of the Paranasal Sinuses?

Back 180

Maxillary

Frontal

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Front 181

Back 181

A- Frontal

B- Ethmoid

C- Sphenoid

D- Maxillary

E- Frontal

F- Ethmoid

G- Sphenoid

H- Maxillary

Front 182

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Back 182

•Serve as resonating chamber for the voice

•Decrease weight of skull

•Aid in warming and moisturizing inhaled air

•Act as shock absorbers in trauma

•Possibly control the immune system

Front 183

What sinuses are usually the only ones developed enough to be demonstrated radiographically at birth?

Back 183

Maxillary

Front 184

What sinuses do not fully develop until 17 to 18 years of age?

Back 184

Ethmoid

Front 185

Where do you find the Maxillary Sinuses?

Back 185

Within the Maxilla

Front 186

The Maxillary Sinuses are the _____ and the most _____. They are _____ and are roughly _____ in shape.

Back 186

Largest, Symmetric

paired

pyramidal

Front 187

The frontal sinuses are the _____, _____, are loacted __________, vary greatly in __________, and are occasionally _____.

Back 187

2nd largest

paired

between vertical plates of frontal bone

size and shape

absent

Front 188

The Ethmoid sinuses are within the __________, are in __________, and communicate with __________.

Back 188

lateral masses of ethmoid bone

three collections

sphenoid sinus and nasal cavity

Front 189

The Ethmoid sinuses are best seen on a:

Back 189

Caldwell

Front 190

The Sphenoid Sinuses are located __________, are __________, and are the most __________.

Back 190

below sella turcica

asymmetric

posterior

Front 191

Back 191

A- Nasal Cavities

B- Ethmoid Sinus

C- Ethmoid Bulla

D- Uncinate Process

E- Middle Nasal Concha

F- Maxillary Sinus

G- Inferior Nasal Concha

H- Nasal Septum

I- Inferior Nasal Meatus

J- Middle Nasal Meatus

K- Infundibulum

Front 192

What projection is this and label the 4 sinus groups.

Back 192

Lateral

A- Frontal
B- Ethmoid
C- Maxillary
D- Sphenoid

Front 193

What projection is this and label the 4 sinus groups.

Back 193

PA Caldwell

A- Frontal
B- Ethmoid
C- Sphenoid
D- Maxillary

Front 194

What projection is this and label the 4 sinus groups.

Back 194

PA Transoral Projection (Open Mouth Waters)
A- Frontal
B- Ethmoid
C- Maxillary
D- Sphenoid

Front 195

What projection is this and label the sinus groups

Back 195

SMV Projectionfor Sinuses

A- Maxillary

B- Ethmoid

C- Sphenoid

Front 196

What is the Paranasal Sinus Routine?

Back 196

•Lateral

•PACaldwell

•Parietoacanthial(Waters)

•Submentovertex(SMV)

Front 197

What are the Technical Considerations for Sinuses?

Back 197

•kVRange:

•Analog:65-75

•Digitalsystems: 75-85

•Erect

•Horizontalbeam

•AECnot recommended

Front 198

T or F: Upright position for sinuses is necessary to demonstrate fluid levels and the CR should remain horizontal

Back 198

True

Front 199

For a Lateral Sinus, the CR should be:

Back 199

midway between outer canthus and EAM

Front 200

For PA Caldwell Sinuses, the _____ is perpendicular to IR, there is a _____ tilt, the OML is 15° from _________, the CR is _________, and the CR exits the ________.

Back 200

OML

15 degree

horizontal

horizontal

nasion

Front 201

For a Parietocanthial (Waters) Projection of the sinuses, the _____ is perpendicular to the IR, the CR is __________, and the CR exits at the _________.

Back 201

MML

Horizontal

Acanthion

Front 202

For and SMV of the sinuses, the _____ is parallel to the IR, the CR is ________, and the CR is between the ________.

Back 202

IOML

Horizontal

Angles of the Mandible

Front 203

For a PA Transoral (Waters) the _____ is perpendicular to the IR, the mouth is _____, the CR is _________, and the CR exits at the ________.

Back 203

MML

Open

Horizontal

Acanthion

Front 204

The older term “antrum of Highmore” describes the:

Back 204

Maxillary Sinuses

Front 205

Which paranasal sinus is the last one to develop?

Back 205

Ethmoid

Front 206

What is the positioning error for a parietoacanthial projection if the petrous ridges are within the maxillary sinuses?

Back 206

Excessive flexion

Front 207

What projection is this? What is the repeatable error in this image and how would you fix it?

Back 207

Open Mouth Waters

there is not enough extension- this is demonstrated by the petrous ridges projected into the Maxillary sinuses

- you fix this by bringing the chin up more

Front 208

What projection is this? What are the 2 repeatable errors in this image?

Back 208

Parietocanthial

Rotation

Chin is not up high enough

Front 209

What projection is this? What are the 3 repeatable errors in this image?

Back 209

SMV

Clipped at top

Clipped on the R side

Not enough extension

Front 210

What projection is this? What are the positioning errors?

Back 210

Lateral

Collimation could be better

Rotated and tilted- w/more tilt than rotation

Frontal sinuses not displayed

Front 211

What projection is this image? Is this an acceptable image?

Back 211

Waters

Not acceptable b/c it is underpenetrated/underexposed and you cannot make out the maxillaries

Front 212

What view is the top image? The bottom? Is anything repeatable?

Back 212

Top- Waters: chin needs to be brought up

Bottom- Caldwell: the petrous ridges are too low so the chin needs to be brought up

Front 213

What view is the top image? The bottom? Is anything repeatable?

Back 213

Top- OM Waters: mouth needs to open more

Bottom- Caldwell: maxilla is cut off

Front 214

What is the angle between the OMLand the plane of the IR for a well positioned Waters (Parietoacanthial)projection? What line is perpendicular to the IR?

Back 214

37 degrees

MML

Front 215

What projection of the sinuseswill demonstrate all four sets of sinuses?

Back 215

Lateral

Front 216

What projection(s) will bestdemonstrate the sphenoid sinuses?

Back 216

SMV

Front 217

What projection? Where is the pathology?

Back 217

Caldwell

Frontal Sinuses

Front 218

Which of the following isessential to demonstrate air fluid levels when performing a sinus series?

A.)Correct collimation

B.)Horizontal beam

C.)Angled bucky

D.)upright patient

E.)An SMV projection

Back 218

Horizontal Beam

Upright Pateint

Front 219

If a patient is unable to sit orstand upright, what projection(s) should be performed to demonstrate thesinuses?

Back 219

Cross table lateral

Front 220

T or F: The liver is the largest gland in the body

Back 220

TRUE

Front 221

The Falciform ligament divides the liverinto what two major lobes?

Back 221

Right and Left

Front 222

The two minor lobes evident on the visceralsurface of the liver are the:

Back 222

Caudate lobe

Quadrate lobe

Front 223

Back 223

A- R Lobe

B- Galbladder

C- Falciform Ligament

D- L Lobe

Front 224

Back 224

A- L Lobe

B- Falciform Ligament

C- Quadrate Lobe

D- Galbladder

E- Caudate lobe

F- Inf Vena Cava

G- R Lobe

Front 225

The Hepatic artery supplies ________ blood from the _________ to the liver and the Portal vein ________ blood from ________ to be filtered by liver.

Back 225

Oxygenated

Abdominal Aorta

Carries

Digestive System

Front 226

What are the 2 blood supplies to the liver?

Back 226

Hepatic Artery

Portal Vein

Front 227

From an imaging standpoint, what is the primary function of the liver?

Back 227

produce bile

Front 228

Biliary System/Bile Route

Back 228

1) Right and left hepatic ducts jointo form Common Hepatic duct

2) Common Hepatic duct unites with Cystic duct to form Common Bile duct

3) Common Bile duct unites with Pancreatic Duct and empties into Duodenum

Front 229

Label the parts of the Bile route

Back 229

A- R Hepatic dict

B- Cystic duct

C- Galbladder

D- Duodenum

E- Pancreatic duct

F- Common Bile duct

G- Common Hepatic Duct

H- L Hepatic duct

Front 230

Label the parts of the Gallbladder

Back 230

A- Spiral Valve

B- Neck

C- Body

D- Fundus

E- Cystic duct

Front 231

What are the functions of the Gallbladder?

Back 231

1.Storage of bile
2.Concentration of bile

-Hydrolysis

-Choleliths(gallstones)

3.Contraction when stimulated

-Cholecystokinin(CCK)

Front 232

Label the parts of the Distal Common Bile duct

Back 232

A- Common Bile duct

B- Pancreatic duct

C- Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

D- Hepatopancreatic Sphincter

E- Region of Duodenal Papilla

F- Duodenum

Front 233

Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography

Back 233

"PTC"

-performed on patients with jaundice when ductal system has been demonstrated as dilated but cause is unclear

-may be used to place drainage catheter to obstructive jaundice

-often performed in interventional diagnostic suite

Front 234

Postoperative (T-Tube) Cholangiography

Back 234

"Delayed cholangiography"

-Performed post operatively or postinterventional procedure

-May be performed in main Radiology

-Performed via a T-shaped tube leftin the common hepatic and common bile ducts for postoperative drainage

Front 235

Postoperative (T-Tube) Cholangiography is performed to demonstrate:

Back 235

-Caliberand patency of ducts

-Statusof sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla

-Thepresence of residual or previously undetected stones

Front 236

ERCP

Back 236

Endoscopic/retrograde/cholangio/pancreat/ography

-Used todiagnose biliary and pancreatic pathologic conditions

-Useful method when ducts are notdilated and ampulla is not obstructed

-Performed by passing a fiberopticendoscope through the mouth into the duodenum under fluoroscopy

Front 237

Cholelithiasis

Back 237

Condition of having gallstones

Front 238

Cholecystitis: acute or chronic

Back 238

Inflammation of Gallbladder

Front 239

Cholecystectomy

Back 239

Surgical removal of Gallbladder

Front 240

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Back 240

Removal of Gallbladder with minimally invasive laparoscope

Front 241

Open cholecystectomy

Back 241

Surgical removal of Gallbladder via open incision .

Front 242

Cholodocholithiasis

Back 242

Stones in biliary ducts

Front 243

Biliary Stenosis

Back 243

Narrowing of biliary duct

Front 244

Neoplasms

Back 244

Malignancy

Front 245

“Chole”refers to:

Back 245

bile

Front 246

“Cysto”describes:

Back 246

bladder

Front 247

“Angio”defines:

Back 247

blood or lymph vessels

Front 248

“Graphy”refers to:

Back 248

process of recording

Front 249

You have performed a PA Caldwell of the sinuses. The petrous ridges are projected into the lower third of the orbits. What adjustment should be made to improve this image?

Back 249

nothing this is an acceptable image

Front 250

When performing a PA Caldwell projection of the sinuses, the CR should exit at what point?

Back 250

nasion

Front 251

When performing a lateral facial bones image, which of the following does NOT need to be included on the image?

Back 251

entire frontal bone

Front 252

To successfully demonstrate the ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses on the SMV projection, which of the following must occur?

1. The patient must be recumbent

2. The infraorbitomeatal line must be parallel with the IR

3. The CR must be perpendicular to the infraorbitomeatal line and horizontal.

Back 252

2 and 3

Front 253

What is the CR angulation for the axiolateral oblique projection of the TMJ?

Back 253

15 degrees caudad

Front 254

Along with the use of erect positions, what other technical factor is important to demonstrate air/fluid levels in the paranasal sinuses?

Back 254

horizontal x-ray beam

Front 255

A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series on a cart. She is unable to stand or sit erect for any of the projections. Which of the following projections will best detect any air/fluid levels in the maxillary sinuses?

Back 255

horizontal beam lateral

Front 256

What is the CR angulation for the axiolateral oblique projection of the TMJ?

Back 256

15 degrees caudad

Front 257

Functions of the Gallbladder include:

1. Storing bile

2. Concentrating Bile

3. Storing Cholecystokinin

Back 257

1 and 2

Front 258

Which sinus is projected through the oral cavity with a parietocanthial transoral projection?

Back 258

Sphenoid

Front 259

A blowout fracture is normally best demonstrated on which projection?

Back 259

Water's

Front 260

A specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed:

Back 260

cholangiography

Front 261

The liver is divided into _____ major and minor lobes.

Back 261

four

Front 262

The two main hepatic ducts join to form the:

Back 262

common hepatic duct

Front 263

Which of the following convey(s) blood to the liver?

1. hepatic veins

2. hepatic artery

3. portal vein

Back 263

2 and 3

Front 264

Which of the following must be projected below the maxillary sinuses for the parietocanthial projection (waters) of the sinuses?

Back 264

petrous pyramids/ridges

Front 265

What can the technologist do if the patient cannot extend the head and neck adequately for the routine submentovertex projection of the zygomatic arches?

Back 265

Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML.

Front 266

The liver lies in the:

Back 266

upper right quadrant

Front 267

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the facial bones?

Back 267

Zygoma- midway between the EAM and the outer canthus

Front 268

Which sinuses are best demonstrated with a parietocanthial projection?

Back 268

Maxillary

Front 269

Which bone is involved with a tripod fracture?

Back 269

Zygomatic

Front 270

Which projections will demonstrate the ethmoidal sinuses?

1. Lateral

2. PA Axial (Caldwell)

3. SMV

Back 270

1, 2 and 3

Front 271

The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join together to form the:

Back 271

The common bile duct

Front 272

A radiograph of a parietocanthial (Waters) projection reveals the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this radiographic finding?

Back 272

insufficient extension

Front 273

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium reveals that the orbital roofs (plates) are not superimposed-- one is slightly superior to the other. Which of the following positioning errors led to this radiographic outcome?

Back 273

tilt

Front 274

The _________ sinuses develop last and are not fully developed until the teenage years.

Back 274

ethmoids

Front 275

A fracture involving the facial bones where a blow to one ride causes a fracture to the opposite side is termed a _________ fracture.

Back 275

Contrecoup

Front 276

What is the radiologically important primary function of the liver?

Back 276

production of bile