Psychology Midterm

Front 1

According to your textbook, the goal of psychology are to

Back 1

describe, explain, predict, and change behavior

Front 2

You belive hat most behaviors are a product of your environment; your best friend argues that behaviors are a result of heredity. This is an example of ____

Back 2

the nature-nurture controversy

Front 3

Dr. DiMassio is studying PET (brain) scans in patients with schizophrenia and comparing them to PET scans in people who have no psychological disorders. It is likely that Dr. DiMassio is a ___

Back 3

neuropsychologist

Front 4

The term "introspection" means ____

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looking inward

Front 5

Thy psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective is associated with ____

Back 5

Freud

Front 6

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of the theory of personality?

Back 6

Psychoanalytic

Front 7

Dr. Watson, from the ___ school of psychology, focused on objective, observable behavior rather than on the unconscious.

Back 7

behaviorism

Front 8

According to the humanistic perspective, human behavior is determined by ___ causes.

Back 8

voluntary

Front 9

Natural selection, adaptation, and the evolution of behavior patterns are major emphases in the __ perspective of psychology.

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evolutionary

Front 10

In ___ research, a researcher observes or measures (without manipulating) two or more variables to find relationships b/w them, w/o inferring a casual relationship.

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correlational

Front 11

Gideon has been injected with radioactive glucose, and his Dr. is observing the activity levels in various parts of his brain, Gideon is having a(n) _____

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PET scan

Front 12

How, when, and where facial expressions are expressed are called ____.

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display rules

Front 13

The interdisciplinary field that studies how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes is called

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neuroscience

Front 14

A neuron is ____

Back 14

a cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical info

Front 15

The cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for neurons are called ____ cells

Back 15

glial

Front 16

The long tube-like structure that conveys impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons, muschles, or glands is called a(n)

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axon

Front 17

What is the basic function of a neuron?

Back 17

To transmit info to and from the brain and spinal cord

Front 18

A synapse is a _____

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gap b/w neurons

Front 19

Then Central Nervous System (CNS) is divided into two main divisions. What are they?

Back 19

The brain and spinal cord

Front 20

A collection of glands found througout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily function is called the

Back 20

endocrine system

Front 21

Growth, reproduction, moods and our responses to stress are all controlled by our ____

Back 21

hormones

Front 22

The CNS _____

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consists of the brain and spinal cord

Front 23

Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change its ____ in response to environmental conditions

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structure and function

Front 24

The generation of new neurons is called _____

Back 24

neurogenesis

Front 25

____ are the immature, precursors that give birth to new, specialized cells.

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Stem cells

Front 26

THis structure at the base of the brain, behind the brainstem, is responsible for maintaining smooth movements, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition

Back 26

Cerebellum

Front 27

What is the major sensory relay area for the brain?

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Thalamus

Front 28

The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all parts of the _____ system

Back 28

Limbic

Front 29

This almond-shaped structure is part of the limbic system and helps regulate emotion

Back 29

Amygdala

Front 30

Motor control, speech production, thinking, personality, emotion, and memory are all goverened by your ______ lobe

Back 30

frontal

Front 31

The ____ lobes are involved with hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control

Back 31

temporal

Front 32

This is the name of the buncle of nerve fibers that carries info b/w the brain's right and left hemisperes.

Back 32

Corpus callosum

Front 33

The study of genetic and environmental influences o/ behavior is called

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behavioral genetics

Front 34

____ are threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic info

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Chromosome

Front 35

This is a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors

Back 35

Heritability

Front 36

The term _____ refers to the evolutionary concept that those with adaptive genetic traits will live and reproduce

Back 36

natural selection

Front 37

More than half of the mortality from the top 5 leading causes of death in the world come from:

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Factors within our control

Front 38

A stressor is defined as

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An environmental trigger that prompts a stressful reaction

Front 39

Acoording to Selye, pleasant, positive, desirable stress is called

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Eustress

Front 40

Then end result of a total absence of stress is

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death

Front 41

____ is one of the largest sources of chronic stress for adults

Back 41

Work

Front 42

THe stressor that includes role conflict and burnout is ___

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job stress

Front 43

When one is forced to choose b/w two or more different and imcompatible personal or professional functions, one is experiencing

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role conflict

Front 44

A state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situation is called

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burnout

Front 45

Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress are called

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hassles

Front 46

According to your text, the degree frustration you fell is related to

Back 46

your level of motivation to achieve a blocked goal

Front 47

____ is an unpleasant state of tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity that results from a blocked goal

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Frustration

Front 48

A negative emotional state caused by having to choose b/w two or more incompatible goals or impulses is called

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Conflict

Front 49

Moya really wants to stay home and talk to her best friend on the telephone tonight, but she also wants to go out w/ her new boyfriend tonight. This is an example of _____ conflict

Back 49

an approach-approach

Front 50

In a _____ conflict, a person must choose b/w two or more alternatives that each have both desirable and undesirable results

Back 50

approach-avoidance

Front 51

The body's immediate fight-or-flight response is facilitated by the _____ system(s)

Back 51

SAM

Front 52

____ plays a critical role in the long-term effects of stress, and it is the most common measure of stress

Back 52

Cortisol

Front 53

The body's steate of equillibrium is called

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homeostasis

Front 54

The fight or flight response is triggered by the ___ nervous system

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Sympathetic

Front 55

A physicological alarm reaction, folled by resistance, and ending w/ exhaustion is known as the ______ syndrome

Back 55

general adaptation

Front 56

Intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook on life are associated w/

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Type A Personalities

Front 57

A calm, patient, relaxed attitude toward life is associated w/

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Type B personality

Front 58

People who interpret stress as challenging and interesting rather than threatening or frustrating are exhibiting

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hardiness

Front 59

____ is an attempt to manage stress in some effective way

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Coping

Front 60

In simple terms, coping is defined in your text as

Back 60

managing stress in an effective way

Front 61

Sensory receptors are

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cells specialized to detect and respond to stimulus energy.

Front 62

Transduction is the process of converting

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environmental stimuli into neural impulses

Front 63

A subliminal stimulus refers to any stimulus that is

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presented below the threshold of a person's conscious awareness

Front 64

Vision and hearing are a result of our perception of

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light and sound waves

Front 65

This is the curved, tough, protective transparent shield on the front of the eye through which light enters

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Cornea

Front 66

THe iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the opening of the

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pupil

Front 67

The cones on the retina are sensitive to

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color and fine detail

Front 68

The point on the retina that contains only cones and is responsible for our sharpest vision is called the

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fovea

Front 69

Farsightedness occurs whent eh cornea and lens

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Focus an image behind the retina

Front 70

The theory of color vision proposed by Thomas Young that says color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems is called the

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trichromatic theory

Front 71

The structure that funnels sound from the outer ear is the

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auditory canal

Front 72

The fluid-filled structure that contains receptors fro hearing is the

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cochlea

Front 73

The theory that explains how we hear higher-pitched sounds is the

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place theory

Front 74

Natural body scents that may affect the behavior of others, including sexual behavior are called

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pheromones

Front 75

Your balance, or the ability to know your body orientation and posistion w/ respect to gravity and three-dimensional space, is provided by the ____ sense

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vestibular

Front 76

Posture, orientation and body movements are part of the

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kinesthetic sense

Front 77

A false impression of the environment is called

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an illusion

Front 78

Car alarms that change from a siren to a honking horn and back again are attempting to prevent

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habituation

Front 79

The tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even w/ changes in sensory input is called

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perceptual constancy

Front 80

_____ is your ability to judge distance and perceive three dimensional space

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Depth Perception

Front 81

A binocular cue is one which requires _____ to perceive depth or distance

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Two eyes

Front 82

_____ refers to a binocular cue that comes from the separation of the eyes, which causes different images to fall on each retina

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Retinal disparity

Front 83

______ is the readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on expectations

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Perceptual set

Front 84

Consciousness is defined in your text as

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an awareness of one's self and one's surrondings

Front 85

_______ require minimal attention such as walking, talking on a cell phone

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Automatic Processes

Front 86

Mental activities that require focused attention are called

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controlled processes

Front 87

Circadian rhythms are _____

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biological changes that occur on a 24-hr cycle

Front 88

The sleep stage marked by irregular breathing, eye movements, high-frequency brain waves and dreaming is called ____ sleep

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REM

Front 89

THe evolutionary/ circadian theory of sleep says that sleep

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conserves energy and protects us from predators

Front 90

The repair/restoration theory of sleep says that sleep serves

Back 90

a recuperative function, following depletion of key brain and body resources.

Front 91

Freud believed that dreams were the "royal road to the _____"

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unconscious

Front 92

THe _____ content of a dream contains the surface symbols that disguise the underlying meaning of the dream

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manifest

Front 93

The ____ content of a dream is the true, unconscious meaning of the dream

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latent

Front 94

The idea that dreams are the by-product of random stimulation of brain cells, and that the brain attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, is known as the ____ hypothesis of dreaming

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activation-synthesis

Front 95

The persistent inability to fall or stay asleep, or awakening too early is a symptom of

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insomnia

Front 96

A nightmare occurs during

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REM

Front 97

Psychoactive drugs

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change conscious experience, mood, or perceptions

Front 98

The condition that compels someone to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity is called

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addiction

Front 99

A desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug is called

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psychological dependence

Front 100

When repeated drug use causes changes in the body that require continued drug use to prevent withdrawal symptoms, a state of ____ has been reached

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physical dependence

Front 101

Discomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense cravings after stopping the use of an addictive drug is called

Back 101

withdrawal

Front 102

Singh finds that he has to drink several more beers to get the same buzz he used to get w/ one or two. It is likely that SIngh has developed

Back 102

a tolerance to alcohol

Front 103

A drug that has a molecular structure similar to the body's own neurotransmitter is called

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an agonist

Front 104

____ act on the CNS to suppress or slow bodily processes and reduce overall responsiveness

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Depressants

Front 105

____ act on the nervous system to increase its overall activitiy and general responsiveness

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Stimulants

Front 106

____ is a group of techniques designed to focus attention, block out distractions and produce an altered state of consciousness

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Meditation

Front 107

_____ is an alternate state of heightened suggestibility characterized by deep relaxation and intense focus

Back 107

Hypnosis