Psychology: Chapter 7-Learning

Front 1

Associative Learning

Back 1

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Front 3

behaviorism

Back 3

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Front 4

Neutral Stimulus

Back 4

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no respons before conditioning

Front 5

unconditional response(UR)

Back 5

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the uncondtiioned stimulus(US), such as salivation when food is in mouth

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Unconditioned stimulus

Back 6

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that uncondtionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response

Front 7

conditioned response

Back 7

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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conditioned stimulus

Back 8

in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditional response

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acquisition

Back 9

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditional response. In operant conditioning the strengethening of a reinforced response

Front 10

higher-order conditioning

Back 10

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus

Front 11

extinction

Back 11

the diminishing of a conditioning when an uncondtitioned stimulous does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Front 12

spontaneous recovery

Back 12

the reappearence, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Front 13

generalization

Back 13

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Front 14

Discrimination

Back 14

in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between conditional stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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respondent behavior

Back 15

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Front 16

operant conditioning

Back 16

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followedby a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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operant behavior

Back 17

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Front 18

law of effect

Back 18

thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

Front 19

operant chamber

Back 19

in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer; attached devices record animals rate of bar presssing or key pecking

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shaping

Back 20

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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reinforcer

Back 21

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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positive reinforcement

Back 22

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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negative reinforcement

Back 23

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response..strengthens good response

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primary reinforcer

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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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conditioned reinforcer

Back 25

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

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continuous reinforcement

Back 26

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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partial (intermittent) reinforcement

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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in a slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Front 28

fixed-ratio schedule

Back 28

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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variable-ratio schedule

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in operant condtioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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fixed-interval schedule

Back 30

in operant conditioning, reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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variable-interval schedule

Back 31

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinofrces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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cognitive map

Back 32

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment.

Front 33

latent learning

Back 33

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Front 34

observational learning

Back 34

learning by observing others

Front 35

modeling

Back 35

the process of observing and imitating a specifice behavior

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mirror neurons

Back 36

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brains mirroring of anothers action may enable imitation and empathy