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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Biopsychology?
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The branch of psychology that investigates how the brain, nervous and endocrine (hormonal) systems generate and control behavior and mental processes
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What is Neuroscience?
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Combines the traditional sciences of psychology, biology, neurology, physics, and chemistry to yield a new synthesis or perspective on behavior.
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Relationship: Brain, Mind and Behavior
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A unified system whose products are everything you think, do, perceive, know, remember, fear, love and hate.
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What are humors?
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Galen proposed brain, mind and behavior depended on four brain-body fluids. Although no one believes in this theory, psychologists acknowledge that most behavior is based on the biochemical make up.
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Melancholic
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Depressive qualities, excess of black bile
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Sanguine
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Emotional expressiveness, excess of blood
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Choleric
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Temper and excitability, excess of yellow bile
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Phlegmatic
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Sluggish, unflappable qualities; excess of phlegm
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What is trephining?
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Brain surgery in which holes are drilled into the head of the patient. Used for a wide variety of illnesses, including mental and neurological disorders.
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What is phrenology?
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Developed by Franz Joseph Gall, proposed the brain consisted of about 27 organs that depending on size; dictated the individual's personality.
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What is Broca's Area?
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In 1861, Paul Broca discovered a small region in the brain's left front lobe that is responsible for speech production.
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What is Wernicke's area?
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In 1871, Carl Wernicke discovered a small region in the rear left side of the brain that is responsible for producing meaningful speech and speech communication.
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What is the Neuron?
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Partly discovered by Camino Golgi with his staining method. Cajal improved this method and discovered the brain consisted of billions of independent cells. They receive, process and transmit information between each other. Responsible for everything you do.
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What is a synapse?
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A synapse is the space between neurons. Chemical signals are transmitted between neurons through synapses. Coined by Sherrington
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Chemicals that are responsible for all communication between neurons, and that imbalances of neurotransmitters activity is linked to neurological and mental health disorders.
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Why is Sigmund Freud significant?
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He introduced the term "contact barriers" two years before Sherrington. His most significant ideals are that of the conscious. We have 3 levels: Unconscious, pre-conscious and the conscious.
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Modern Method of Study: What is a case study?
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A case study is an observation of people who have suffered damage to their brain or nervous system through accident, disease etc.
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What is Lesioning?
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The most widely known use of lesioning is the lobotomy. Involved surgically cutting the connections between the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain.
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What is a Transorbital Lobotomy?
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A gruesome technique involving the insertion of "an ice-pick like device under the eyelid, driving it through the orbit to sever the connections between the prefontal lobes and the rest of the brain.
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What is Electrical Stimulation of the Brain? (ESB)
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Involves the use of electrodes or small wires to deliver weak pulses of electric current to stimulate brain tissue. Also used to map the brain.
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What is an Electroencephalogram? (EEG)
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An EEG is a graphical recording of the generalized electrical activity of the cerebral cortex.
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What are the 4 EEG brain waves?
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Beta = focused, Alpha = Open attention relaxation and day-dreaming, Theta = Deep relaxation/sleep, Delta = Deep sleep
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What is a CAT or CT scan?
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A Computerized Axial Tomography, is the first method of imaging of the brain. A 3D image of the structure of the living brain by combining thousands of x-rays taken at slightly different angles.
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What is an MRI?
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging provides highly detailed images of the structure of the brain by using magnetic waves.
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What is psychopharmacology?
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The study of how drugs affect emotions, mood, cognition, memory and other behavior
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Who was Phineas Gage?
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Phineas was a 25-year old construction foreman who worked on railroads. One day iron shot through his face and out his skull, he recovered but his personality became foul.
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What's the nervous system?
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A complex network of cells specialized to perform three basic functions: (1) detection of sensory stimuli, (2) information processing; including perction, analysis, memory storage and retrieval, and decision making and (3) generating responses and transmitting them to muscles, blands and organs.
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What are the two major branches of nervous system?
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The Central Nervous (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
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What is the Central Nervous System?
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It serves as the command center for the nervous sytem. It consists of two major components: the spinal cord and the brain.
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What is the spinal Cord?
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The spinal cord is found within the bony verterbral column of the back. It functions as the main pathway connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain
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What is the brain?
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As the spinal cord enters the skull, it widens to form the brain. The brain is responsible for the evaluation and analysis of sensory input.
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What are the distinct parts or regions of the brain?
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The Hindbrain = includes most of the brain steam and the cerebellum, the midbrain = upper part of the brain steam and the forebrain = limbic system, the basal ganglia and the neo-cortex.
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What are the four brains?
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1) Brain stem and the cerebellum
2) Limbic system and basal ganglia 3/4) The two hemispheres of the neo-cortex. |
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What is the brain stem?
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Composed of several parts: the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. Has three major functions: 1) serves as a two-way information highway, carrying signals between the brain and body (2) basic life support functions, heart rate and breathing (3) Consciousness and REM.
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What is the Cerebellum?
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Connected to the brain stem. It's important functions are coordination of movement, balance and posture, integration of sensory and motor functions and is involved in certain types of memory cognitive functions.
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What is the Limbic system?
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A system of brain structures ringing around the brain responsible for generation emotions, learning and memory sexual behavior, biological rhythms and social behavior. Composed of the thalmus and hypothalmus, nuclues accumbens, amygdala, septum, cingulate gyrus and the hippocampus.
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What is the Basal Ganglia?
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Includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and other several structures buried deep within the brain. Plays key role in initiating and controlling movment.
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What is the neo-cortex (cerebellum)?
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Considered the "thinking cap" of the brain. Consist of two large hemispheres is responsible for all higher mental functions, including perception, cognition, organizing and directing behavior.
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What are the four lobes of the cortex?
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Occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal lobes.
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What is the Occipital lobe?
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Found at the back of the brain, responsible for visual processing.
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What is the parietal lobe?
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Located at the top rear area of each hemisphere, is for processing body sensations.
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What is the temporal lobe?
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Located on the lower side of each hemisphere, play critical roles in hearing, emotions and language.
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What are the frontal lobes?
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Found in the front of each hemisphere. Serve as the "executives" of the brain. responsible for emotional control and planning and directing behavior.
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What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
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Consists of all nerve tissue laying outside the bony encasement of the central nervous system. It divides into two subsystems: the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems
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What is the Somatic Nervous System?
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Consists of sensory nerves that detect internal and external stimulation and sends this info to the CNS. Most activity is voluntary.
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What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
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Occurs on a reflexive or automatic level. Includes nerves that reach out to every part of the body to regulate the ongoing activity of muscles, organs and glands.
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What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
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What is the sympathetic nervous system?
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Stimulates, organizes and mobilizes energy and arouses the body to deal with challenging, threatening or stressful situations. (flight or fight)
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What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Stimulates body processes in recovery from or termination of such challenges and can be thought of as rest of digestive responses.
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What are connections?
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The brain has about 300 million feet of wiring so it has vitually limitless processing capacity.
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What are neuroglia or glial cells?
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Tiny cells that are 10 times more numerous than neurons but occupy the same amount of space. They do not transmit information but instead provide structural framework for the nervous system, form scar tissue, remove waste etc.
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What are the four types of glial cells?
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Astrocytes, Ogliodendroglia and Schwann cells, Ependymal Cells and Microglia.
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What are Astrocytes?
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Star-like glial cell. 1) Form scar tissue 2) Wrap themselves around capillaries to protect the brain. 3) Remove waste 4) Help regulate levles of certain chemicals 5) May facilitate communication between neurons.
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What are ogliodendroglia and Schwann cells?
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They form myelin, a substance important to nerve function. Oglioden. forms myelin in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS.
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What are ependymal cells?
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Found in the ventricles, these cells produce and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills the ventricles and circulate throughout the central nervous sytem.
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What are microglia?
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Called "scavenger" cells and believed to destroy foreign organisms, remove toxic substances and promote tissue repair by secreting nerve growth factor.
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What is the structure of a neuron?
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The cell membrane separates neurons from eachother. The cell body is the spherical central part of the neuron. Contains the nucleus which contains chromosomes mad eof DNA.
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What are dendrites?
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Dendrites reach out to other neurons to receive information in the form of electrochemical messages.
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What is the axon?
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A neuron only has one axon made of three parts: the hillock, fiber and terminal.
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What is myelin?
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A sheath that covers the axon.
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What are types of neurons?
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Sensory, motor and inter.
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What is gray matter?
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Tissue composed of closely packed groups of neuron and dendrites. It's role is information processing.
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What is white matter?
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Compsed of large numbers of myelinated axons. Arranged in near parallel formation called pathways act as information superhighway.
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What are the types of gray matter?
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Cortical, found in the cerebral cortex. Nuclei and Ganglia found in the creamy white interior.
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How is the brain protected and supported?
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The cranium, meninges, CSF, blood and oxygen supply and the blood-brain barrier.
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What are the meninges?
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Below the cranium, 3-layers of protected tissue.
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What is CSF?
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The brain and spinal cord are cushioned by CSF.
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How does the brain become nourished?
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Blood, Glucose, Oxygen and a variety of nutrients, minerals, fats and amino acids.
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Transmit info to one neuron to the other. Cannot pass through blood-brain barrier.
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What is the blood-brain barrier?
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Formed by astrocytes, they form a tight seal around capillaries in the brain to prevent toxins from entering.
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