Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Psychology
|
is the science that seeks to understand behavior and mental processes and to apply that understanding in the service of human welfare.
|
|
|
Positive psychology
|
a field of research that focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience. Study of things that go right.
|
|
|
Biological Psychologists are also called ?
|
Physiological psychologists
|
|
|
Biological and/or Phsiological psychologists
|
use high-tech scanning devices and other methods to study how biological processes in the brain and other organs affect, and are affected by, behavior and mental processes.
|
|
|
Developmental Psychologists
|
describe the changes in behavior and mental processes that occur from birth through old age and try to understand the causes and effects of those changes.
|
|
|
Cognitive Psychologists also some liked to be called ?
|
Experimental Psycologists
|
|
|
Cognitive Psychologists
|
study mental abilities such as sensation and perception, learning and memory, thinking, consciousness, intelligence, and creativity.
|
|
|
Engineering Psychology also know as ?
|
Human factors
|
|
|
Engineering Psychology
|
A field in which psychologists study human factors in the use of equipment and help designers create better versions of that equipment.
|
|
|
Personality Psychology
|
study similarities and differences among people.
|
|
|
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
|
conduct research on the causes of mental disorders and offer services to help troubled people overcome those disorders.
|
|
|
Community Psychologists
|
work to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychological disorders by working for changes in social systems.
|
|
|
Health Psychologists
|
study the effects of behavior on health, as well as the effects that illness has on people's behavior and emotions.
|
|
|
Educational Psychologists
|
study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and how to apply their results to improving those methods.
|
|
|
School Psychologists
|
test IQs, diagonose students' academic problems, and set up programs to improve students' achievement.
|
|
|
Social Psychologists
|
study the ways that people think about themselves and others and how people influence one another.
|
|
|
Industrial / Organizational Psychologists
|
study leadership, stress, competition, pay scales, and other factors that affect the efficeincy, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and the organizations that employ them.
|
|
|
Quantitative Psychologists
|
develop and use statistical tools to analyze vast amounts of data colletcted by their colleagues in many other subfields. (analyze research data)
|
|
|
Sport Psychologists
|
use visualization and relazation training programs, for example, to help athletes reduce excessive anxiety, focus attention, and make other changes that let them perform at their best.
|
|
|
Forensic Psychologists
|
assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants' mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law.
|
|
|
Environmental Psychologists
|
study the effects of the environment on people's behavior and mental processes.
|
|
|
1879 what happend for psychology ?
|
the birth of modern psychology is usually given on this date.
|
|
|
Besides the birth day of psychology what eles is significant about this day ?
|
the year Whilhelm Wundt pronounced "voont" established the first formal psychology reasearch lab at the University of Leipzig, Germany.
|
|
|
psychology can trace its roots back to what ?
|
Philosophy and science.
|
|
|
What was particularly important to the development of scientific psychology ?
|
empiricism
|
|
|
What was the argument that empiricism made ?
|
what we know about the world comes to us through experience and observation, not through imagination or intuition.
|
|
|
tabula rasa in latin is ?
|
blank slate
|
|
|
Gustav "Fechner" work was especially valuable why ?
|
because he realized that one could study these mental processes by observing people's reactions to changes in sensory stimuli.
|
|
|
Fechner's psychophysics is ?
|
predictalbe,relationships between changes in the physical characteristics of stimuli and changes in our psychological experience of them.
|
|
|
The focus on Wundt's work was ?
|
consciousnes, the mental experiences created by these systems.
|
|
|
Wundt developed a lab method to study the speed of what ?
|
Decision making and other mental events.
|
|
|
Wundt used a technique meaning "looking inward" which is ?
|
introspection
|
|
|
Was a student of Wundt and defined structuralism ?
|
Edward "Titchener"
|
|
|
Belived that analyzing consciousness through introspection was not as important as exploring the capacitites and limitations of mental processes such as lerning and memory.
|
Hermann "Ebbinghaus"
|
|
|
Was the memory dude ?
|
Hermann "Ebbinghaus"
|
|
|
Gestaltists said to do what ?
|
study consciousness as a whole, not piece by piece.
|
|
|
Freud invinted what ?
|
Psychoanalysis from studying his patients as a doctor.
|
|
|
Establised the first psychology research laboratory in the united states.
|
G. Stanley Hall
|
|
|
Functionalism
|
focuses on the role of consciousness in guiding people's ability to make decisions, solve problems, and the like.
|
|
|
William James is best know for ?
|
Functionalism
|
|
|
John B. Watson is best know for ?
|
Behaviorism
|
|
|
Watson argued what in an article "Psychology as the behaviorist views it." ?
|
that psychologists should ignore mental events and base psychology only on what they can actually see in overt behavior and in responses to various stimuli.
|
|
|
Skinner worked on what ?
|
mapping out the details of how rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change behavior.
|
|
|
What did Skinner call his mapping of rewards and punishment ?
|
operant conditioning
|
|
|
Behaviorial psychology dominated how many yrs ?
|
from 1920's to 1960's about 40yrs.
|
|
|
What two approaches are dead now from ch1 ?
|
Structuralism and Functionalism
|
|
|
Eclectic means ?
|
psychologists blend assumptions and methods from two or more approaches in a effort to more fully understand behavior and mental processes.
|
|
|
biological approach assumes ?
|
that behavior and mental processes are largely shaped by biological processes.
|
|
|
evolutionary approach assumes ?
|
that the behavior of animals and humans today is also the result of evolution through natural sesction.
|
|
|
psychodynamic approach
|
a view developed by Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior.
|
|
|
behavioral approach
|
an approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments.
|
|
|
Humanistic Psychology believe ?
|
people are essentially good, that they are in control of themselves, and that they have an innate tendency to grow toward their highest potential.
|
|
|
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are seen for ?
|
positive psychology
|
|
|
Rogers a psychologist who had been trained in but later rejected ?
|
the psychodynamic approach
|
|
|
Maslow also shaped and promoted the ______ approach through his famous________ ?
|
humanistic approach...........hierarchy-of-needs theory of motivation
|
|
|
biological approach of psychology emphasizes ?
|
activity of the nervous system, especially of the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals; and genetics.
|
|
|
evolutionary approach of psychology emphasizes ?
|
the ways in which behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival.
|
|
|
psychodynamic approach of psycology emphasizes ?
|
internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmntal obstacles to their expression.
|
|
|
behavioral approach of psychology emphasizes ?
|
learning, especially each person's experience with rewards and punishments.
|
|
|
define culture
|
the accumulation of valuse, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, occupational choices, and the like for a group of people who share a common language and environment.
|
|
|
cognitive approach of psychology emphasizes ?
|
mechanisms through which people receive, store, retrieve, and otherwise process information.
|
|
|
humanistic approach of psychology emphasizes ?
|
individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in guilding behavior and mental processes.
|
|
|
Individualist cultures are such as those typical of ?
|
North America and Western Europe, tend to value personal rather than group goals and achievement.
|
|
|
Collectivist cultures are such as those typical of ?
|
Japan, tend to think of themselves mainly as part of family or work groups.
|
|
|
In 1879 Wundt established the first ?
|
psychology center.
|
|
|
Wundt developed what technique and what two main points did this technique consist of ?
|
introspection........sensation and perception.
|
|
|
Wundt had writien the first Psychology journal in what ?
|
Biological Psychology
|
|
|
structuralism has and is what over time ?
|
died out
|
|
|
Greek/ Roman ERA three main basis for Psychology
|
Philosophy, Medicine, Law
|
|
|
One bend on Philosophy is as in ch1 is ?
|
Metaphysics
|
|
|
The roots of natural sciences ?
|
Solipsisms, Materialism, Natural Philosophy.
|
|
|
Metaphysics is ?
|
The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value.
|
|
|
solipsisms is ?
|
the theory that only the self exists, or can be proved to exist.
|
|
|
Materialism is ?
|
the theory in philosophy that physical matter is the only reality and that everything, including thought, feeling, mind, and will, can be explained in terms of matter and physcial phenomena.
|
|
|
Empiricism is ?
|
the view that experience, especially of the sences, is the only source of knowledge.
|
|
|
Fechner a student of Wundt form ch 1
|
psycophsicis how we produce and interact with the environment
|
|
|
JND is
|
Just notable difference
|
|
|
James a resercher who had the first ?
|
psychology lab in the United States for students.
|
|
|
James had a theroy of ?
|
Functionalism reason things exist.
|
|
|
Functionalism is now and is ?
|
A Dead topic
|
|
|
G. Stanley Hall had the first ?
|
working psychology lab (research)
|
|
|
G. Stanley Hall was the first President of the ?
|
APA American Pschology Association
|
|
|
John B. Watson was the father of ?
|
Behaviorism
|
|
|
John B. Watson described behaviorism as ?
|
that which can be observed
|
|
|
John B. Watson was only interested in ?
|
things that could be operationally defined
|
|
|
Pavlov was intersted in __________who studied __________what ?
|
classical conditionning.......gastric resonences of dogs
|
|
|
BF Skinner was intersted in ? Which is _________ ?
|
operant conditioning.......rewards and punishment
|
|
|
Behaviolism dominated psychology for how many yrs ?
|
40yrs
|
|
|
The Cognitive revolutions is or is an example of currently the ?
|
the most popular psychology
|
|
|
List some of Freud's intersts and studies/reaserch from ch1 ?
|
Psychoanalysis, Internal Theory, and Conflicts and Instincts.
|
|
|
Freud is said to be the Grandfather of ?
|
Behaviourism
|
|
|
Ebbinghaus interests studied ?
|
memory and forgetting
|
|
|
Gestalt is ?
|
seeing something imcomplete and your mind fills in the blanks. (Perception)
|
|
|
Name the Gestaltist talked about in Ch1 ?
|
Wertheimer, Kofka, and Kohler
|
|
|
Kohler also is the same guy that what ?
|
Makes Kohler sinks and faucets
|
|
|
Systems Theory is ?
|
how people get along with each other; systems dont like to change
|
|
|
Biological Psychology from your notes is the study of ?
|
Body and Behavior
|
|
|
From notes a subfield of Biological Psychology is and subfields of those are what ?
|
Neuropsychology
----Cogvitive Neuropsychology ----Clinical Neuropsychology |
|
|
From notes Evolutionary Psychology is ?
|
how our bodies have changed over time.
|
|
|
Humanism list things about it that come from notes ?
|
Individual , looks at what goes right , people are basically good , uniqueness
|
|
|
Transpersonal and Existential look at what ?
|
psychical points of view
|
|
|
The ABC's are ?
|
A-affect__emotions/feelings
B-Behavior__observation/action "Doing" C-Cognition__Mental; "Thinking" |
|
|
List from notes what clinical and counseling psychology have in common ?
|
Mental health/ Quality of Life/ Counseling/ Therapy
|
|
|
What is it that clinical psychology holds specifically different from counseling psychology ?
|
Medical Model/ Sick person point of View/ Therapy
|
|
|
What is it that counseling psychology holds specifically different from clinical psychology ?
|
Social/ Developmental/ Well person point of View/ counseling
|
|
|
Both clinical and counseling psychologist do what specifically
|
Counsel and Give Therapy
|
|
|
Industrial Organizational psychology or know as ?
|
I/O......industrial and organizational
|
|
|
Human Factors Psychology from notes is ? and what is a part of it ?
|
Person/machine interfface studies and engineering
|
|
|
School Psychologist from notes are/do what ?
|
Counseling Psychology in K-12 Direct service providers.
|
|
|
Educational Psychologitst from notes apply what to schools and do what ?
|
I/0 applied to schools and traning teachers and guidence counselors
|
|
|
Experimental Psychologist from notes list things about them ?
|
Cognitive, mental processes, memory, Info processing
|
|
|
Social Psychologist from notes list things about them ?
|
"universal discipline", study of people and groups, team work, social behavior, and personality
|
|
|
Developmental Psychologist from notes list the things about them?
|
study changes in ABC's, Study patients across a lifetime
|
