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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
association
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the linking together of 2 events, objects, or ideas because they tend to occur together in experience.
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attention
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the mental process of concentrating effort on a stimulus or mental event; the limitied mental energy or resource that "powers" the mental system.
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automatic vs conscious processing
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the distinction between mental processes that happen with little or no awareness and those that consume attentional resources
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automaticity
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refers to automatic vs. conscious processing
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cognition
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the collection of mental processes and activites used in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking and understanding, and the act of using those processes; thought
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cognitive science
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the hybrid discipline that studies the mind and its processes, including cognitive psychology, artifical intelligence, the neurosciences, and a few related fields
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computer analogy
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the similarity between the unseen electrical events in a computer and the unseen mental events in the mind; a guiding analogy in early cognitive science.
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data-driven vs. conceptually driven processing
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the distinction between mental processes that rely very heavily or exclusively on incoming info and those that rely on info already stored in memory; also called bottom up verses top down processing.
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empiricism vs. rationalism
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the objective scientific approach based on observation versus the more philisophical, deductive approach to knowledge
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encoding
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bringing external information from the environment into the mental system and registering it there.
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implicit vs. explicit memory
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memory or memory processes that occur without any necessary involvement of consciousness versus those that occur with conscious awareness
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inference
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a general explanation for forgetting, in which other info competes with or disrupts memory for certain target info.
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introspection
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the method of having trained participants "look inward" and report their inner sensations and experiences
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long term mmeory
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Enduring memories about things, places, and events. Long-term memory circuit The brain circuit, including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which enables the brain to lay down and store memories in the cortex.
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metacognition
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knowledge about one's own cognitive processes and mental system
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on-line
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occuring now; used to describe research tasks that measure a process as it happens.
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reaction time
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the time that it takes to respond to a stimulus, usually measured in milliseconds.
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representation
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a general term referring to the way info is stored in memory (eg storying info in an auditory or visual representation)
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retrieval
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the process of finding or accessing info from memory
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sensory memory
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a very brief memory system for sensory events
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short term memory
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the limited capacity memory component for temporary info storage & manipulation; a memory system for info currently being attended or rehearsed; see working memory
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tabula rasa
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blank slate or blank wax tablet; refers to the idea that experience, rather than innate factors, accounts for behavior; a tennet of behaviorism
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verbal learning
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the tradition of research started by Ebbinghaus, in which the learning of verbal materials was studied
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verbal reports
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statements made by people about their thoughts, ideas, and strategies during cognitive processing
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working memory
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1. similar to short term memory, but focusing more on the effort involved in mental activities; aka the mental workbench
2. Baddeley's model of working memory contained the central executive, the articulatory rehersal loop, and the visuo-spatial sketch pad. |
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audition
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the sense of hearing
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auditory sensory memory
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the component of sensory memory that holds auditory info for a brief interval; also called echoic memory
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backward masking
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a situation in which a later visual stimulus interferes backward in time with the perception of the first.
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conceptually driven/ top-down processing vs. bottom up
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the distinction between mental processes that rely very heavily or exclusively on incoming info, and those that rely on info already stored in memory
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connectionism
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a computer based approach to modeling cognition, based on the ideas of simple units or nodes interconnected with weighted pathways or links, also called neural net modeling & parallel distributed processing modeling
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connectionist model
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a modern, computer based model of cognitive processing and the human mind
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decay
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a general explanation for forgetting, in which info is lost because of the passage of time.
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echoic memory
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aka auditory sensory memory
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ecological validity
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the position that the research setting and task should resemble situations in the real world in order for the research to be meaningful or generalizable.
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erasure
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in sensory memory, when a later stimulus interferes with memory of an earlier stimulus
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audition
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The sense of hearing. (Ch. 2)
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auditory sensory memory
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The component of sensory memory that holds auditory information for a brief interval; also called echoic mtmory. (Ch. 2, 3)
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backward masking
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Backward masking: A situation in which a later visual stimulus interferes backward in fime with the perception of the first. (Ch. 2)
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conceptually driven/top-down processing
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Data-driven versus conceptually driven processing: The distinction between mental processes that rely very heavily or exclusively on incoming information, and those that rely on information already stored in memory; also called bottom-up versus top- down processing. (Oh. 1, 2, 3)
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connectionist model
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modern, computer- based model of cognitive processing and the human mind; see also connectionism. (Ch. 2)
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data-driven/bottom-up processing
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Data-driven versus conceptually driven processing: The distinction between mental processes that rely very heavily or exclusively on incoming information, and those that rely on information already stored in memory; also called bottom-up versus top- down processing. (Oh. 1, 2, 3)
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decay
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A general explanation for forgetting, in which information is lost because of the passage of time.
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ecoic memory
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See auditory sensory memory-The component of sensory memory that holds auditory information for a brief interval; also called echoic mtmory.
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ecological validity
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: The position that the research setting and task should resemble. situations in the teal world in order for the research to be meaningful or generalizable.
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erasure
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in sensory memory, when a later stimulus interferes with memory of an earlier stimulus. (Oh. 2)
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feature detection
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The theoretical approach that explains pattern recognition by the detect ion of features. (Oh. 2)
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feature
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A simple, elementary pattern or fragment that appears in combinations with other features. (Oh. 2)
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Fixation
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A pause in eye movements, during which the eye focuses on a visual stimulus and encodes it into the visual system. (Oh. 2)
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focal attention
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See visual attention; The mental process of directing mental attention to a portion of the information that was perceived visually, usually after the visual stimulus, is no longer present; also called focal attention, (Ch. 2)
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fovea
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Central region of the retina speciali:ed for acute, focused, color vision. (Ch. 2)
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geons
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in Biederman’s recognition by components model, the simpLe components (geometrica1 ion.s) of physical objects that the
recognition system detects and identifies. (Oh. 2) |
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iconic memory
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The characteristic in which a language unit has a physical resemblance to its referent (e.g., the word buzz). (Oh. 8)
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interference
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A general explanation for forgetting, in which other information competes with or disrupts memory for certain target information. (Oh. 2, 4, 5)
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neural net modeling
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See connectionism; A computer-based approach to modeling cognition, based on the ideas of simple ,units or nodes interconnected with weighted pathways or lInks also called neural net modeling and parallel distributed processing (PDP) modeling, (Oh. 2, 6)
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occipital lobe
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The rearmost lobe of the brain, where visual stimuli are first projected in the cortex. (Ch. 2, 10)
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Paralllel distributed processing
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see connectionism. A computer-based approach to modeling cognition, based on the ideas of simple ,units or nodes interconnected with weighted pathways or lInks also called neural net modeling and parallel distributed processing (PDP) modeling, (Oh. 2, 6)
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pattern recognition
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The classification and identification of a pattern. (Ch. 2)
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perception
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The process of interpreting and recognizing sensory information. (Ch. 2)
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problem of invariance
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The sounds of speech (phonemes) are not invariant from one time to the next. (Cli. 2,8)
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phoneme
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The basic individual speech sounds that compose a language (e.g., the /b/ sound in beg). (Cli. 2, 8)
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recognition by components
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Biederman’s model of object recognition, in which we identify objects by breaking them down into their simple components, called geons. (Cli.2)
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retina
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The three basic layers of neurons in the eye, including the layer that contains the rods and cones that start the process of vision. (Oh. 2)
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saccades
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A voluntary rapid movement of the eyes. (Ch. 2)
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sensation
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Receiving or registering physical stimulation and encoding it into the nervous system. (Ch. 2)
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shadowing
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A task in which the participant repeats out loud the message heard in one ear but ignores the message in the other ear. (Oh.2,3)
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span of apprehension
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See memory span; The number of individual items recallable after any short display; also called span of attention, span of immediate memory, and span of apprehension. (Ch. 2, 4)
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tachistoscope
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A specialized instrument for presenting visual stimuli for controlled durations; referred to as a T-scope. (Ch. 2)
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template matching
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The theory of recognition that exact patterns (templates) are stored in memory and are then matched to a stimulus in order to recognize it. (Cli. 2)
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visual attention
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The mental process of directing mental attention to a portion of the information that was perceived visually, usually after the visual stimulus, is no longer present; also called focal attention, (Cli. 2)
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visual persistence
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The apparent persistence of a visual stimulus beyond its physical duration. (Cli. 2)
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visual sensory memory
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The memory system that receives visual input from the eyes and holds it for a brief amount of time; also called iconic memory. (Ch. 2)
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whole-report/partial report condition
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Testing conditions in which participants recall the entire display or are cued to recall only part of the display; used especially in visual sensory memory research. (Ch. 2)
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Acoustic-articulatory code:
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The mental code or format based on sound (acoustic) or pronunciation (arriculatory) characteristics of the stimulus. (Ch. 4)
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Articulatory rehearsal ioop:
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The component in Baddeley model of working memory responsible for temporary storage and manipulation of sound- or articulation-based information. (Ch.4)
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Brown-Peterson task:
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A task in which a triad of items, held in short-term memory while performing a distractor task, must then be recalled. (Ch. 4)
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chunk
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Especially in short-term memory, the grouping of information or the enriched item of information. (Ch. 4)
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decay
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A general explanation for forgetting, in which information is lost because of the passage of time. (Ch. 2, 4, 5)
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free recall
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Recalling information in any order (Oh.4,5)
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interference
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A general explanation for forgetting, in which other information competes with or disrupts memory for certain target information. (Oh. 2, 4, 5)
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memory search
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in short-term memory, how the contents of STM are searched, especially in the Stemberg task (e.g., parallel, serial self- terminating, and serial-exhaustive search). (Oh.4)
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primacy
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Elevated accuracy for items presented early in a list. (Ch. 4, 5)
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proactive interference
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When older information interferes forward in time with your recollection of the current, or newer, information. (Cli- 4, 5)
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recency effect
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Elevated accuracy for the final items in a list, usually in a free-recall task. (Ch.4,5)
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recoding
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The grouping of items together so that the newly formed group can be remembered (short-term memory); changing the mental format or representation of information. (Cli. 4)
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rehearsal
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Deliberate mental repetition, recycling, or practicing of to-be-learned material; (Ch. 4, 5)
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release from PI
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When proactive interference is reduced or eliminated due to a change in the stimuli. (Oh. 4, 5)
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retroactive interference
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When newer information interferes backward in time with your recollection of older information. (Ch. 4, 5)
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serial position curve
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A graph showing recall accuracy as a function of an item’s original position in a list. (Oh. 4, 5)
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serial recall
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Recalling information in its order of presentation. (Oh. 4,5)
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short term memory
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The limited-capacity memory component .for temporary information storage arid manipulation; a memory system for information currently being attended or rehearsed; see also working memory.(Ch. 1,4)
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Sternberg task:
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: The task in which a probe item is mentally compared to the several items being held in short-term memory, to determine if the probe matches one of the items. (Ch.4)
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visuo-spatial sketchpad
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The component in’ Baddeley’s model of working memory responsible for temporary storage andmanipularion of visual and spatial information ch4
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working memory
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(I) Similar to short-term memory, but focusing more on the effort involved in mental activiries; the mental workbench. (2) Baddetey’s model of working memory, containing the central executive, the articuiatory rehearsal loop, and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. (Ch. 1,4)
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accesibility
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The retrievability of information stored in memory. (Ch. 5)
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Availability
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The presence of some piece of information in memory (Ch. 5)
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cued recall
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A recall task in which cues are provided to assist retrieval. (Ch. 5, 7)
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decay
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A general explanation for forgetting, in which information is lost because of the passage of time. (Ch. 2, 4, 5)
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depth of processing
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: The framework in which memory is conceived as a continuum, from a very shallow, sensory level to a deep, semantic level; also called levels of processing. (Ch.5)
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dual coding hypothesis
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Paivio’s hypothesis that words denoting concrete, as opposed to abstract, concepts can be encoded in memory twice, once as a word and once as an image, and thus are recalled better. (Ch. 5)
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elaborative rehersal
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Rehearsal based on mean-
- ing and other elaborative information intended to store the information at deeper levels in memory; also called type II rehearsal. (Oh. 5) |
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encoding specificity
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: The principle that additional information that is present during encoding is stored in memory along with the target information itself. (Oh. 5)
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episodic memory
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That portion of long-term memory in which personally experienced events and episodes are stored—one’s autobiography. (Oh. 5)
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forgetting
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Formally, the genuine toss of inforraation from memory; colLoquially, the term also refers to difficulties of retrieval. (Oh. 5, 7)
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free recall
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Recalling information in any order (Oh.4,5)
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Generation effect
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Enhanced memory perforsnance for items or information generated by the participant rather than provided by the experimenter. (Oh. 5
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maintenance rehersal
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Rehearsal intended
only to keep or maintain information at a particular level; also called type I rehearsal, (Ch.5) |
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metacognition
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Knowledge about one’s own cognitive processes and mental system. (Cli. 1)
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metamemory
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Knowledge about one’s own memory system, how it works and how it fails to work. (Cli. 5)
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method of loci
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A mnemonic device based on. previously learned physical locations and visual imagery. (Ch. 5)
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mnemonic
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An active, strategic kind of learning device or recall method, a rehearsal strategy. (Cli. 5)
Modus ponens: In the conditi |
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organization
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The structuring or restructuring of information as it is stored in memory (e.g., clustering or grouping, semantic hierarchies, subjective organization, etc.). (Ch. 5, 6)
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peg word mnemonic
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A mnemonic device based on previously learned rhyming pegs (e.g., one is a bun, two is a shoe, etc.). (Cli. 5)
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Primacy effect
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: Elevated accuracy for items presented early in a list. (Ch. 4, 5)
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proactive interference
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When older information interferes forward in time with your recollection of the current, or newer, information. (Cli- 4, 5)
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recency effect
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Elevated accuracy for the final items in a list, usually in a free-recall task. (Ch.4,5)
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recognition task
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Yes/no task in which the participant decides if the stimulus has been seen or studied before; contrast with recall and relearning tasks. (Cli. 5,6, 7)
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rehersal
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Deliberate mental repetition, recycling, or practicing of to-be-learned material; (Ch. 4, 5)
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relearning task
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The task, invented by Ebbinghaus, in which information is learned, set aside for a period of time, then relearned to the same criterion of accuracy. (Ch. 5)
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release from PI
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Release from P1: When proactive interference is reduced or eliminated due to a change in the stimuli. (Oh. 4, 5)
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retrieval failure
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Loss of access to information still stored in memory. (Oh. 5)
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retroactive interference
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When newer information interferes backward in time with your recollection of older information. (Ch. 4, 5)
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savings score
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In a relearning task, the amount (number of trials) saved during relearning compared to original Learning. (Ch. 5).
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semantic memory
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That portion of long-term memory in which general world (conceptual) knowledge is stored, including language; loosely speaking, the mental encyclopedia and dictionary. (Oh. 5, 6)
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serial position curve
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A graph showing recall accuracy as a function of an item’s original position in a list. (Oh. 4, 5)
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serial recall
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Recalling information in its order of presentation. (Oh. 4,5)
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subjective organization
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An idiosyncratic organizational scheme imposed by the subject during learning and recall, often on lists of unrelated words. (Ch. 5)
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Tip of Tounge phenom
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Momentary inability to recall information from long-term memory. (Ch. 5, 1
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type I rehersal
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maintenance
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type II rehersal
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elaborative
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verbal learning
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The tradition of research started by Ebbinghaus, in which the learning of verbal materials was studied. (Cli. 1, 5)
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visual imagery
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The mental picturing of a stimulus that then affects later recall or recognition; the mental activity of using a visual representation. (Ch. 5)
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shadowing
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A task in which the participant repeats out loud the message heard in one ear but ignores the message in the other ear. (Oh.2,3)
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selective attention
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The mental process .f selecting one message or stimulus for further processing and attention while filtering out or not attending to other stimuli. (Oh. 3)
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priming
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The activation of information in memory, making it more accessible for subsequent use. (Ch. 3, 6, 9)
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pertinence
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Importance, especially in Norman’s theory of selective attention. (Cli. 3)
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limited capacity
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The relatively small capacity or quantity of mental resources or attention that can be devoted to a task. (Oh- 3, 4)
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filtering
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See selective attention
The mental process .f selecting one message or stimulus for further processing and attention while filtering out or not attending to other stimuli. (Oh. 3) |
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dual task/dual message
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A testing procedure in which two tasks are performed concurrently, or two messages are presented concurrently, such that both tasks/messages together exceed the individual’s attentional capacity. ,(Ch.3,4)
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automaticity
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The distinction between mental processes that happen with little or no awareness and those that consume attentional resources. (Ch. 1,
3) |
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attenuation
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An alternative explanation to filtering in attention, in which competing messages are reduced in strength (loudness, informational value) relative to the primary message. (Ch. 3)
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limited capacity
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The relatively small capacity or quantity of mental resources or attention that can be devoted to a task. (Oh- 3, 4)
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filtering
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See selective attention
The mental process .f selecting one message or stimulus for further processing and attention while filtering out or not attending to other stimuli. (Oh. 3) |
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dual task/dual message
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A testing procedure in which two tasks are performed concurrently, or two messages are presented concurrently, such that both tasks/messages together exceed the individual’s attentional capacity. ,(Ch.3,4)
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automaticity
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The distinction between mental processes that happen with little or no awareness and those that consume attentional resources. (Ch. 1,
3) |
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attenuation
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An alternative explanation to filtering in attention, in which competing messages are reduced in strength (loudness, informational value) relative to the primary message. (Ch. 3)
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