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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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For classical conditioning to be most effective and long lasting, the conditioned stimulus should
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a. immediately follow the unconditioned response.
b. follow the unconditioned stimulus. c. follow the conditioned response. **d. precede the unconditioned stimulus. ** |
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Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning a(n) _______________ between two stimuli.
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a. reflexive response
**b. association** c. reinforcement d. extinction |
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We say that stimulus generalization occurs when a learned response occurs to __________ stimuli as well.
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**a. similar **
b. different c. exactly the same d. neutral |
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We could say that _____________ is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response.
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a. continuous reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement **c. extinction** d. operant conditioning |
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In the video, you learned that Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner became famous for defining the principles of
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a. classical conditioning
b. learning from positive reinforcement. **c. operant conditioning.** d. finding that control all animal behavior. |
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In the video, B.F. Skinner acknowledged that although ______________ works to control behavior, he much preferred the use of positive reinforcement to control behavior.
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**a. punishment**
b. negative reinforcement c. partial reinforcement d. unconditioned response |
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Shaping involves reinforcing successively ____________ approximations of a behavior until the correct behavior is displayed.
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a. punishment
b. negative reinforcement c. partial reinforcement **d. closer ** |
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A cognitive map could be described as
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a. an experimenter's maze.
b. a problem-solving schema. **c. a mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.** d. an example of a mentor. |
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Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement, but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a later time, is called
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a. observational learning.
b. insight learning. **c. latent learning.** d. operant conditioning. |
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The cornerstone of observational learning is that it occurs
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**a. indirectly.**
b. infrequently. c. directly. d. aggressively. |
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. The three basic memory processes are encoding, storage, and
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**a. retrieval.**
b. exercise. c. interference. d. free call. |
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Your friend calls and at the end of the conversation, she gives you a new phone number, but you don't have a pen/pencil and paper to write it down. You repeat the phone number over and over. This is an example of
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a. elaborative rehearsal.
b. forced recall. c. motivated learning. **d. maintenance rehearsal. ** |
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Remembering how to ride a bicycle is an example of a long-term memory item, specifically
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a. episodic memory.
b. short-term memory. **c. procedural information.** d. semantic information. |
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When a memory is unpleasant or disturbing, we often try ____________ to suppress it; however, when an event has been extremely traumatic, we may ___________ repress it. This theory is the basis of motivated forgetting; in other words, we forget because we are motivated to do so.
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**a. consciously; unconsciously
b. unconsciously; consciously c. not; try to d. consciously; consciously |
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____________ involves active mental processes and is often directed toward some goal, purpose, or conclusion.
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a. Perception
**b. Thinking c. Sensation d. Learning |
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Mental set is defined as the tendency to persist in _________ _____solutions the "same old way."
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**a. solving problems
b. remembering events c. overestimating the commonality of an event d. overestimating the uniqueness of an event |
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A system of combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements is a definition of:
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a. linguistic relativity.
**b. language. c. intelligence. d. intuition. |
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Which of the following interfere with our ability to perceive and accept contradictory information?
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a. belief-bias effect
b. confirmation bias c. fallacy of positive instances d. overestimation effect **e. all of the above. |
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The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment is called
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a. psychopathology.
b. emotional reaction. **c. intelligence. d. aptitude test. |
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__________ tests are tests designed to measure the level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment, whereas ___________ tests assess a person's ability.
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**a. Achievement; aptitude
b. Aptitude; achievement c. Intelligence; achievement d. Achievement; intelligence |
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If a test accurately measures what it has proposed to measure, the test is ____________, whereas if a test produces consistent results when administered repeatedly under similar conditions, the test has _____________.
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**a. valid; reliability
b. reliable, validity c. creative; standardization d. standard; creativity |
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Psychologist _____________ explains that his triarchic theory of intelligence focuses on three critical areas: analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.
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**a. Robert Sternberg
b. Albert Binet c. Howard Gardner d. David Wechsler |
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The three general characteristics that psychologists normally associate with motivation were introduced. These characteristics are
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a. cognition, persistence, and activation.
**b. activation, persistence, and intensity. c. intention, persistence, and activation. d. activation, cognition, and intensity. |
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_______________ is the notion of the highest level of achievement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in which individuals make full use of their talents, abilities, and potential.
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a. Drive theory
b. Instinct theory **c. Self-actualization d. Biological motivation theory |
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_______________ is defined as the eating disorder in which an individual refuses to maintain normal body weight and is afraid of gaining weight, while ______________ is defined as the disorder in which a person engages in binge eating and then purges the food by self-induced vomiting, or by using laxatives or enemas.
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a. Bulimia nervosa; anorexia nervosa
b. Anorexia nervosa; obesity **c. Anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa d. Obesity; bulimia nervosa |
