Psych Chp 13 Psychological Disorders

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Psychological Disorder

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A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

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Medical Model

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the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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DSM-5

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the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

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Anxiety Disorders

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Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

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Panic Disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, followed by worry about a possible next attack.

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Phobia

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

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Substance Use Disorder

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Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

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Psychoactive Drug

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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.

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Tolerance

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with repeated use, the desired effect requires larger doses.

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Addiction

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compulsive craving of drugs certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known harmful consequences

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Withdrawal

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the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.

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Depressants

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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce (depress) neural activity and slow body functions.

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Alcohol Use Disorder

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(popularly known as alcoholism) Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

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Barbiturates

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Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

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Opiates

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Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

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Stimulants

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Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamines) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

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Amphetamines

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Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

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Nicotine

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a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

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Methamphetamine

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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

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Ecstasy (MDMA)

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a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

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Hallucinogens

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Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

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LSD

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A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

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near-death experience

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an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

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THC

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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

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Mood disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

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Bipolar Disorder

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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called Manic-depressive disorder)

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Mania

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a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

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Schizophrenia

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a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished,, inappropriate emotional expression.

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Delusions

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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany schizophrenia and other disorders

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Anorexia Nervosa

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an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

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Bulimia Nervose

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An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

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Dissociative disorder

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a disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

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A controversial, rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder.

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Personality Disorder

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an inflexible and enduring behavior pattern that impairs social functioning

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.