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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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RuPaul has just come to realize that when a boy dresses like a girl they do not actually become a girl. In cognitive developmental theory, RuPaul appears to have just acquired
A. gender segregation. B. gender stability. C. basic gender identity. D. gender consistency. |
D. gender consistency.
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Prior to the birth of their first child Ward and June have very strong gender role orientation. Ward, the father, is extremely masculine while June, the mother, is extremely feminine. According to the "parental imperative" what would you expect to happen to Ward and June's gender roles following the birth of their first son Wally?
A. Both June and Ward will become more masculine. B. There will be little change in their gender roles. C. June will become more masculine and Ward more feminine. D. Both June and Ward will become more feminine. |
B. There will be little change in their gender roles.
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Twenty-two-year-old Michelle has just completed a degree in physical education. She loves sports and working with children. She is also aware that the need for physical education teachers is high. According to Ginzberg, Michelle is BEST classified as being in the ____ stage of vocational identity.
A. fantasy B. realistic C. ideal D. tentative |
B. realistic
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The period of experimenting with different roles that is so common during adolescence is referred to as the ____ period.
A. moratorium B. achievement C. foreclosure D. diffusion |
A. moratorium
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According to the concept of androgyny shift,
A. shifting from masculine to feminine or feminine to masculine will result in a change in sexual orientation. B. during midlife people begin to adopt some the gender-traits associated with the opposite sex. C. preschoolers believe that they can change sexes (e.g., a boy can grow up to be a mommy). D. becoming less masculine and less feminine will lead to a significant improvement in mental health. |
B. during midlife people begin to adopt some the gender-traits associated with the opposite sex.
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For the first time in his life Lewis has begun to think of himself as a bad person. This belief is being highly influenced by the fact that Lewis' parents have begun to refer to him as the "devil child" and the "demon seed." This change in Lewis' self- concept BEST illustrates the concept of
A. looking-glass self. B. difficult temperament. C. stagnation. D. self-recognition. |
A. looking-glass self.
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Hoffman is planning to enter the family's plastics business as soon as he graduates from high school. His parents have a job for him in their shop, and they all expect that Hoffman will eventually run the business. Hoffman has never questioned this career goal. According to Erikson, Hoffman's identity status is BEST described as
A. moratorium status. B. identity achievement. C. identity foreclosure. D. identity diffusion. |
C. identity foreclosure.
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Maccoby proposed that boys and girls segregate themselves into same-sex peer groups because
A. the physical differences between boys and girls make it unlikely that they could find common interests. B. their play styles are different from one another making it difficult for the two groups to play together. C. children are reinforced by adults for playing with same-sex children. D. biological predispositions lead children to interact with others who are most like them. |
B. their play styles are different from one another making it difficult for the two groups to play together.
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The phrase, "If only I had my life to live over again I would..." is BEST associated with Erikson's ____ psychosocial stage of development.
A. identity vs. role confusion B. integrity vs. despair C. initiative versus guilt D. intimacy vs. isolation |
B. integrity vs. despair
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Which statement concerning current teen sexuality is the United States is TRUE?
A. Early sexual involvement is more common in teens whose parents became parents later in life. B. Teenage males are more likely than females to view their first sexual intercourse experience as "disappointing." C. Over half of teens do not view oral sex as "having sex." D. The sexual double standard is as strong as ever. |
C. Over half of teens do not view oral sex as "having sex."
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Gutmann's hypothesis regarding the "parental imperative" suggests that
A. most women in our society feel they must have children. B. becoming parents pressures males to be more "masculine" and females to be more "feminine." C. becoming parents pressures young men and women to take on non-traditional gender roles. D. most males and females in our society feel they must have children. |
B. becoming parents pressures males to be more "masculine" and females to be more "feminine."
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A baby with an XY chromosome pattern
A. can develop the external system of a male or female, but can only develop the internal reproductive system of a male. B. can develop the internal system of a male or female, but can only develop the external genitalia of a male. C. can only develop the internal and external sex system of a male. D. can develop the internal or external sex and reproductive system of either sex. |
D. can develop the internal or external sex and reproductive system of either sex.
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Four-year-old Austin believes that only girls can be nurses. At his next check-up he happens to be seen by a male nurse. According to gender schema theory, if a week later you were to ask Austin if boys can be nurses, his answer would MOST LIKELY be
A. "no." B. "yes, but only if their wife is a doctor." C. "yes, boys can be nurses." D. "yes, but only for little kids." |
A. "no."
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As she nears her 100th birthday, Ruth, though remaining happy, has begun to become much less involved with her church and other social groups. Ruth's reaction to aging BEST fits with the ____ theory concerning successful aging.
A. generatively B. honeymoon C. disengagement D. activity |
C. disengagement
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Which two groups view violations of gender roles most negatively?
A. middle school-age children and adolescents B. kindergartners and adolescents C. preschoolers and elementary school-age children D. preschoolers and adults |
B. kindergartners and adolescents
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Research on peer and parental impacts on moral development has shown that
A. highly educated peers help advance adolescent's moral reasoning, while having educated parents inhibits adolescent's moral development. B. peers have virtually no impact on a child's moral development. C. a coercive parenting style is associated with the most advanced moral reasoning in children. D. peers are more likely than parents to challenge a child's moral ideas. |
D. peers are more likely than parents to challenge a child's moral ideas.
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Kohlberg tied the acquisition of postconventional thinking to the acquisition of
A. concrete operational thinking. B. preoperational thinking. C. sensorimotor thinking. D. formal operational thinking. |
D. formal operational thinking.
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Kermit practically killed his pet hamster when he popped him in the tub for a bubble bath. His parents take an inductive approach in responding to this situation by
A. telling Kermit he's a very mean little boy and they are very disappointed in him. B. spanking Kermit for doing the wrong thing. C. explaining to Kermit that hamsters don't like baths, and can get sick or die from getting too wet. D. giving the hamster away so Kermit can't do any more damage. |
C. explaining to Kermit that hamsters don't like baths, and can get sick or die from getting too wet.
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Concerning morality, heteronomous means
A. self-centered. B. under the rule of another. C. same as the opposite-sex parent. D. without conscience. |
B. under the rule of another.
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Empathy refers to
A. being able to resist temptation. B. reading minds. C. knowing that someone holds a false belief. D. vicariously experiencing another's feelings. |
D. vicariously experiencing another's feelings.
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Macy really wants the cool new jacket she has just seen in the store but she does not have enough money to buy the jacket. For a second she thinks about stealing the jacket but decides not to, not because she thinks stealing is wrong, but because she might get punished if she is caught. Macy's moral reasoning appears to be at Kohlberg's ____ level.
A. postconventional B. conventional C. unconventional D. preconventional |
D. preconventional
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The fact that a fearful child may become more anxious when disciplined than a fearless child BEST demonstrates how the factor of ____ can impact moral development.
A. observational learning B. temperament C. vicarious consequences D. unconscious desires |
B. temperament
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An amoral person
A. is overly concerned about rules and laws when making moral decisions. B. is pure evil. C. lacks any sense of morality. D. only does good things. |
C. lacks any sense of morality.
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Why have grandparents been referred to as, "the family national guard?"
A. They tend to perform tough tasks with little positive emotional reward. B. They are diminishing in our society. C. They are a voluntary group. D. They can help families in crisis. |
D. They can help families in crisis.
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The fact that Meg exhibits great responsibility towards her mother Lois and brother Stewie indicates that she is exhibiting what Gillian referred to as a morality of
A. care. B. justice. C. nurturance. D. truth. |
A. care.
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Which parental characteristics are MOST HIGHLY associated with effective coping to the addition of a child to a family?
A. low sense of filial responsibility and high levels of marital satisfaction B. authoritarian style and ambivalence toward the child C. low socioeconomic level and newly married D. realistic expectation about children and good overall mental health |
D. realistic expectation about children and good overall mental health
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Studies on perspective taking indicate that it is not until a child attains concrete operational thinking that s/he is able to
A. appreciate that two people can have different points of view, even with access to the same information. B. attain a belief-desire psychology. C. mentally "juggle" several perspectives of others. D. form a theory of mind. |
A. appreciate that two people can have different points of view, even with access to the same information.
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Mr. Mitchell's son Dennis is a menace. Dennis is cruel to animals and often shoplifts. In attempting to explain Dennis' morals, Mr. Mitchell says, "I think that his moral habits were learned by watching bad television shows." Mr. Mitchell's comments are BEST associated with the ____ view concerning moral behavior.
A. cognitive developmental B. psychodynamic C. social learning theory D. Piagetian |
C. social learning theory
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Kenny bases all of his moral decisions on a simple rule, "Always follow the rules set by an legitimate authority." Kenny would BEST be placed at the ____ level of moral reasoning.
A. postconventional B. conventional C. unconventional D. preconventional |
B. conventional
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When considering why college student Waldo just cheated on his exam, which theorist would be MOST focused on whether Waldo lived with relatives that he observed cheating?
A. Piaget B. Kohlberg C. Bandura D. Freud |
C. Bandura
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Before the family systems perspective, the major focus of developmentalists who studied the family was on ____ relationship.
A. peer-parent B. father-mother C. infant-peer D. mother-infant |
D. mother-infant
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Which statement regarding self-conceptions in adulthood FALSE?
A. Old people tend to compare themselves with other old people rather than young people. B. Old people's goals and standards change with age. C. Old people generally suffer from a poor self-image. D. Old adults tend to maintain positive self-image despite losses associated with aging. |
C. Old people generally suffer from a poor self-image.
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With regard to personality development, what belief do Albert Bandura and Erik Erikson share?
A. personality has the potential to change during adulthood B. biological factors are critical in the development of personality C. humans are best described in terms of five critical core personality traits D. there are universal, age-related changes in personality development |
A. personality has the potential to change during adulthood
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A significant change in self-descriptions that appears at about age 8 is a shift from descriptions focusing on
A. action statements to physical characteristics. B. inner qualities to descriptions focusing on action statements. C. subjective to objective self-evaluations. D. physical characteristics to descriptions focusing on inner qualities. |
D. physical characteristics to descriptions focusing on inner qualities.
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Whose model of temperament includes dimensions of behaviorally inhibited and uninhibited temperament?
A. Thomas and Chess B. Kagan C. Freud D. Buss and Plomin |
B. Kagan
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While she does not scream when her parents attempt to cuddle with her, Buffy does tend to look away and demonstrate some discomfort with this activity. With regard to temperament, Buffy is BEST classified as
A. secure. B. easy. C. difficult. D. slow-to-warm. |
D. slow-to-warm.
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Which is TRUE regarding personality during adulthood?
A. Personality traits cannot be measured in older adults. B. There is little stability of personality traits between young and old adulthood. C. An introverted young adult will most likely become an extraverted older adult. D. Broad personality dimensions, such as extroversion and neuroticism, are fairly stable across adulthood. |
D. Broad personality dimensions, such as extroversion and neuroticism, are fairly stable across adulthood.
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The phrase, "If only I had my life to live over again I would..." is BEST associated with Erikson's ____ psychosocial stage of development.
A. integrity vs. despair B. identity vs. role confusion C. intimacy vs. isolation D. initiative versus guilt |
A. integrity vs. despair
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Five-month-old Ruby is beginning to recognize that her mother Opal does not tend to come to feed her when she is hungry. According to Erikson, Ruby is currently involved in a psychosocial crisis of
A. autonomy vs. shame and doubt. B. industry vs. inferiority. C. integrity versus despair. D. trust vs. mistrust. |
D. trust vs. mistrust.
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Self-concept is BEST defined as
A. positive or negative perceptions of your unique attributes. B. an overall evaluation of your self-worth. C. the goodness-of-fit between self and environment. D. the ability to recognize one's self in a mirror. |
A. positive or negative perceptions of your unique attributes.
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Which statement concerning vocational development in adolescence is TRUE?
A. Minority status may lead one to lower or compromise one's career plans. B. In women, holding traditional gender-role attitudes tends to lead to higher vocational aspirations. C. The fit between one's self-concept, personality, and occupation is unimportant. D. As teens develop their vocational thoughts tend to become less realistic. |
A. Minority status may lead one to lower or compromise one's career plans.
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For the first time in his life Lewis has begun to think of himself as a bad person. This belief is being highly influenced by the fact that Lewis' parents have begun to refer to him as the "devil child" and the "demon seed." This change in Lewis' self- concept BEST illustrates the concept of
A. stagnation. B. difficult temperament. C. looking-glass self. D. self-recognition. |
C. looking-glass self.
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Most explanations on the relationship between low-income living and parenting style focus on
A. a high reliance on authoritative style. B. genetic differences. C. stress associated with being poor. D. former abuse. |
C. stress associated with being poor.
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As she nears her 100th birthday, Ruth, though remaining happy, has begun to become much less involved with her church and other social groups. Ruth's reaction to aging BEST fits with the ____ theory concerning successful aging.
A. activity B. generativity C. honeymoon D. disengagement |
D. disengagement
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As a permissive parent Mr. Twister is MOST LIKELY to tell his temper tantrum-throwing son,
A. "that's right, you go ahead and let out any of those bad feelings and don't worry if you break something in the process." B. "while I know you are upset and maybe you are right, we do have rules of conduct and outbursts like this will not be tolerated." C. "we need to talk about these outbursts." D. "one more word and you are going to get a whipping." |
A. "that's right, you go ahead and let out any of those bad feelings and don't worry if you break something in the process."
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Two-year-old Babs is asked by her mother to sing a song in front of her relatives. For the first time in her life, Babs experiences the emotion of embarrassment. Developmentalists refer to this type of emotion as a(n) ____ emotion.
A. primary B. imprinting C. self-conscious D. amoral |
C. self-conscious
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Studies of infants raised in deprived orphanages for the first 8 or more months of their lives indicate that
A. a lack of a biological mother during the first year of life leads to significant and lasting developmental delays. B. being surrounded by infant peers can make up for the lack of stimulation by adults. C. children who are deprived of intellectual stimulation during the first six months of life often display long-term negative impact. D. male infants are more at risk for a lack of early life stimulation. |
C. children who are deprived of intellectual stimulation during the first six months of life often display long-term negative impact.
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In order to calm herself after she hears a loud noise, Tanya keeps repeating, "Dad says noises are funny." This behavior BEST illustrates the concept of
A. imprinting. B. separation anxiety. C. emotion regulation. D. conformity. |
C. emotion regulation.
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As an infant, Molly was securely attached to her mother and her father and this attachment has not changed.
A. When she enters preschool, she is MOST LIKELY to be socially immature. B. cling to her teacher in her parents' absence. C. strenuously resist separating from her parents. D. be very popular with her peers. |
D. be very popular with her peers.
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Benny and June are playing school. Benny is the teacher and June is the student. After a while, they decide they need a principal and some more students, so they ask Johnny, and Winona to join them. This activity BEST demonstrates the concept of ____ play.
A. associative B. functional C. parallel D. cooperative |
D. cooperative
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The ethological perspective asserts that the sensitive period for human attachment relationships typically lasts for just the first three ____ after birth.
A. years B. days C. months D. hours |
A. years
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Which is TRUE with regard to the effects of play on development?
A. While engagement in pretend play tends to stimulate creative thought processes, it tends to interfere with the development of logical thought. B. Play contributes significantly to physical and social development, but has little impact on the development of cognitive skills. C. Play contributes to the emotional development of preschoolers by helping children work through unresolved conflicts, but it detracts from children's intellectual development by keeping them from engaging in more productive academic tasks. D. Preschoolers who engage in considerable amounts of social pretend play tend to be more popular and more socially mature than those who do not. |
D. Preschoolers who engage in considerable amounts of social pretend play tend to be more popular and more socially mature than those who do not.
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In which type of attachment does a child show clear distress when the caregiver to whom they are attached leaves, but ambivalence when the caregiver returns?
A. resistant B. disorganized-disoriented C. avoidant D. secure |
A. resistant
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In Alex's high school there is one large group of kids that are called the "stoners." The "stoners" are a large group of males and females that is a little different from other groups of kids in the class (e.g., the "goths") in that they hold a very casual attitude concerning drug use. The "stoners" are BEST classified as a
A. dyad. B. clique. C. chumship. D. crowd. |
D. crowd.
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Frieda (18 months) and her mother are visiting at a friend's house. Although there are lots of toys to play with, Frieda seems disinterested. When Frieda's mother and her friend go to the kitchen for tea, Frieda appears undisturbed. Twenty minutes later her mother emerges from the kitchen and tries to pick Frieda up. Frieda is unresponsive, and wants to get down. When put down, Frieda ignores her mother and wanders around. This BEST demonstrates a(n) ____ attachment relationship between Frieda and her mom.
A. resistant B. avoidant C. secure D. disorganized-disoriented |
D. disorganized-disoriented
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Molly's classmates rarely choose her as a workmate or playmate, yet she is not disliked by most of her peers. She tends to be shy and quiet, and on those rare occasions that someone does ask her to play, Molly often says no, and walks away. According to categories of sociometric status, Molly is BEST classified as
A. rejected B. controversial C. antisocial D. neglected |
D. neglected
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Regarding attachment, which is TRUE?
A. Early secure attachments do not predict later social competence. B. Securely attached infants are at greater risk for developing psychological problems than insecurely attached children. C. A secure attachment to one's father can compensate for a poor attachment relationship with one's mother. D. The benefits of a secure attachment are found only in humans, such attachments in primates usually lead to disturbed behavior. |
C. A secure attachment to one's father can compensate for a poor attachment relationship with one's mother.
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Harlow and Zimmerman's classic research regarding Freud's views of feeding practices and the attachment process indicated that
A. breast feeding is far superior to bottle feeding with regard to promoting parent/child attachments. B. attachments are biologically programmed, therefore feeding becomes irrelevant in the attachment process. C. contact with a soft, cuddly caregiver is more important than specific feeding practices with regard to the establishment of parent/child attachments. D. Freud was correct in assuming that the feeding process plays the central role in establishing parent/child attachments. |
C. contact with a soft, cuddly caregiver is more important than specific feeding practices with regard to the establishment of parent/child attachments.
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Lisa is a very high-strung, active mom. Her baby, Marie, is very laid-back and calm. When Lisa bounces Marie on her knee, and tickles her, and talks to her in a loud and excited voice, Marie turns away. Lisa turns Marie back toward her, bounces her more rigorously, and continues to talk and sing more loudly than before. Based on this pattern of behavior, it is MOST LIKELY that Marie will develop a(n) ____ to her mother.
A. Oedipal complex B. secure attachment C. resistant attachment D. avoidant attachment |
D. avoidant attachment
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Which type of infant attachment is BEST associated with having a mother who is severely depressed or abusing drugs?
A. avoidant B. resistant C. secure D. disorganized-disoriented |
D. disorganized-disoriented
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Willow knows that when referring to more than one tree she must add an "s" to the end of the word tree (i.e., trees) to make it plural. Understanding this rule demonstrates Willow's awareness of the ____ of English.
A. pragmatics B. morphology C. semantics D. syntax |
B. morphology
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When her toddler holds her cup up and says "Milk," her mother says, "You're ready for more milk." The mother's response is BEST described as an example of
A. expansion. B. child-directed speech. C. holophrastic speech. D. babbling. |
A. expansion
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Hamid has just acquired the ability to "sound out" a word. This means that when he sees the word "bend" for the first time he is able to decode it as "b" plus "e" plus "n" plus "d" and say "bend." Hamid's newfound ability indicates that he has acquired ____ awareness.
A. morphological B. phonological C. syntactical D. semantic |
B. phonological
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Belmont has a high degree of mastery orientation. On his first psychology test he scores a 52 out of 100 (an "F"). What is his MOST LIKELY reaction?
A. He blames himself for not studying. B. He blames himself for being stupid. C. He blames the instructor for writing such a hard test. D. He doesn't care about his level of performance. |
A. He blames himself for not studying.
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Most infants begin cooing about 6-8 ____ after birth.
A. months B. hours C. days D. weeks |
D. weeks
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The intrinsic drive to be successful in one's environment defines
A. mastery motivation. B. external motivation. C. metalinguistic awareness. D. learned helplessness. |
A. mastery motivation.
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Which is the typical order of linguistic attainment (from earliest to latest)?
A. coo, then babble, then word, then holophrase B. babble, then coo, then holophrase, then word C. babble, then coo, then word, then holophrase D. coo, then babble, then holophrase, then word |
A. coo, then babble, then word, then holophrase
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If you believe in a language acquisition device, then you believe that
A. infants have an inborn brain mechanism for processing language. B. language is acquired mostly though the process of modeling. C. the most difficult part of language acquisition involves grasping the rules of language. D. parental reinforcement can explain most of language acquisition. |
A. infants have an inborn brain mechanism for processing language.
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Frances brings home a math assignment from kindergarten and shows it to her Mom. Her mom says, "Wow, Frances, that assignment looks really rough!" Frances runs her hand over the paper and says "No, Mommy, it's not rough; it's smooth!" Which aspect of language is causing Frances and her Mommy to have some communication difficulties?
A. pragmatics B. phonology C. semantics D. syntax |
C. semantics
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Underextension is MOST LIKELY the results of a toddler's limited
A. vocabulary size. B. joint attention. C. pragmatic skills. D. phonetic ability. |
A. vocabulary size.
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When talking to their 2-year-old, Steve and Eve typically use short, simple sentences, lots of repetition, and high-pitched voices. This sort of speech is known as
A. abbreviated speech. B. caretaker speech. C. child-directed speech. D. telegraphic speech. |
C. child-directed speech.
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Every language system has a set of rules that governs the ways in which words are strung together to make meaningful utterances. This aspect of language is known as
A. morphology. B. syntax. C. phonology. D. semantics. |
B. syntax.
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When compared to American students, Asian students appear to have higher levels of academic achievement. Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed reasons for this advantage?
A. Asian parents tend to have a "hands-off" attitude concerning their children's education. B. Asian student are assigned and complete more homework. C. Asian peers value academic achievement. D. Asian students spend more time being educated. |
A. Asian parents tend to have a "hands-off" attitude concerning their children's education.
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The typical first-grader would begin school with a vocabulary of around ____ words.
A. 500 B. 1000 C. 10,000 D. 5,000 |
C. 10,000
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If Rachel wants to help her children develop a mastery motivation orientation she should
A. praise them lavishly for their accomplishments even if the performance is actually very poor. B. encourage them to do things well. C. de-emphasize the importance of self-reliance. D. give her children rewards when they do the things she asks them to do. |
B. encourage them to do things well.
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Scaffolding refers to the
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social support provided by a more competent individual within the zone of proximal development.
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Piaget argued that the preoperational child is unable to conserve because at this point the child is unable to
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reverse or undo transformations readily
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Franco is enjoying a fine lunch in his high chair. He picks up a handful of spaghetti and stuffs it in his mouth. Next, he picks up two handfuls and shoves them in his ears. The next handful goes in his hair, and the next is casually thrown on the floor. Franco's behavior is MOST typical of infants in the ____ sensorimotor substage.
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tertiary circular reactions
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Research has demonstrated that when shown a card with a cat on one side and a dog on another side, 3-year-olds seemed to correctly understand that when a researcher held the card so that the child saw the dog, the researcher must be seeing a cat. This indicates that children may not be as ____ as Piaget suggested.
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egocentric
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Concrete operational thinking suffers from one important limitation, in that
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children think in an organized, logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information that can be directly perceived.
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Three-year-old Molly has a representation of a “ball”. Her ball scheme involves a mental picture of the ball, and she knows the word “ball”. However, she cannot think about what would happen to the ball if you stepped on it. According to Piaget, Molly’s schemes are _____________ in nature.
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symbolic
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Learning through active involvement in culturally relevant activities with the aid of knowledgeable individuals is referred to as
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guided participation.
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The attainment of which of the following skills is MOST directly related to the appearance of separation anxiety during infancy?
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object permanence
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Imaginary companions are most likely to first develop during the ____ stage of development.
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preoperational
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What aspect of formal operations is responsible for the teens’ tendency to engage is high risk behaviors, such as unprotected sex and drug use?
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the personal fable
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With respect to children's use of private speech, research suggests that this speech is(may)
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a sign of cognitive maturity and self direction
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A researcher asked students of different ages "What would the world be like if humans had tails?" According to Piaget's theory, which one of the following answers would be MOST LIKELY from an adolescent in the formal operational stage?
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People would be able to hold tails and pass notes under the table while still keeping both hands on the table.
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According to Piaget, which of the following is the culminating achievement of the sensorimotor period of development?
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mental representation
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According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be within a child’s zone of proximal development?
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tasks that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult
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Belle is excited when she receives a telephone call from her grandmother on her birthday. When Belle's grandmother asks Belle how old she is, Belle holds up 3 fingers in front of the phone. Belle's belief that because she can see her fingers, so can her grandmother, reflects the Piagetian concept of
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egocentrism.
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Which of the following is the STRONGEST piece of evidence showing that genetic factors influence intelligence (as measured by IQ tests)?
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identical twins reared apart are more alike than fraternal twins reared together
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Erin is participating in a research study. In the first phase of the study, she is shown a list of 20 French words. She is then asked to count backwards from 50 to 1 by 3's. Erin is then asked to write down all of the French words that she can remember. Erin has taken part in a study of ____ memory.
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explicit
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Which is the BEST description of a typical short-term memory?
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fairly brief duration (seconds) and small capacity (seven or so items)
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Dundee has just returned to the United States from a trip to Australia. His friend asks him, what was the best food you ate on your trip. Dundee responds, "I kind of remember eating some great meals but cannot seem to recall any restaurants. Perhaps if I think back about where I stayed each night I'll be able to remember a great meal." Dundee appears to be attempting to use ____ to improve recall.
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a retrieval strategy
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Allison is attempting to recall the code number that she uses to unlock her high school locker. As she tries different combinations, a part of her consciously keeps track of the combinations of numbers she has already tried. Information processing theorists would refer to this aspect of Allison's cognitive system as her
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executive control process.
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Follow-up studies (35 years after initial identification) of individuals who are classified with mild or borderline mentally retarded and placed in special education classes in school show that they
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are usually employed in semi-skilled or unskilled jobs.
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The correlation between adolescent's IQ scores and their grades is closest to
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+.5
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Research comparing elderly Hearing Americans, Deaf Americans, and Hearing Chinese demonstrated the effect that ____ can have on memory performance.
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negative stereotypes about aging
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Research on early infant ability to imitate (e.g., Meltzoff, 2004) has tended to assess the action of
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sticking out the tongue.
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If information fails to be encoded it is ____ to remember.
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impossible
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The information-processing approach stresses all of the following basic mental processes EXCEPT
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reinforcers.
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Six-month-old Frances has been listening to her mother Courtney singing for the past twenty minutes. How would Frances demonstrate habituation?
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While she would be excited when her mom first started singing, she would eventually become disinterested.
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The intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon (1904) was specifically designed to
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determine which school children were likely to be slow learners.
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The most accurate summation of declines in information-processing skills in older adults is that they are
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neither inevitable nor universal.
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Which disorder is in part the result of degeneration cochlear hair cells?
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presbycusis
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Perceptual skills of adolescents are advanced relative to those of children. This advantage appears to be due, in part, to ____ commonly found in adolescents.
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myelination of brain cells
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Cross-modal perception is the ability to
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recognize with one sense an object that was learned through another sense.
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Normal perceptual development requires ____ perceptual experiences.
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normal
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If you turn on a floor fan, an infant will orient toward the sound. After awhile, he/she will appear to lose interest in the spinning blades. The phenomenon underlying the loss of interest is known as
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habituation.
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Infants can flail their arms around before they can move their hands and fingers with any precision. This illustrates the ____ direction of growth.
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proximodistal
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Despite being in top condition, 65 year-old Lane notices that his maximum heart rate during an aerobic exercise has declined significantly from when he was in his 20's. This change is BEST explained in terms of diminished
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reserve capacity.
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The key finding of the Hubel and Wiesel study of kitten's vision was that
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early sensory deprivation can lead to permanent damage to the visual system.
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Webster has just been informed that he is suffering from a visual problem that is destroying retinal cells responsible for central vision and that he will soon find reading nearly impossible. This diagnosis indicates that Webster has
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age-related macular degeneration.
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Premature infants who are ____ tend to gain weight faster than those not receiving this treatment.
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stroked over their entire body
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Which statement is FALSE?
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newborns tend to act favorably to the odor of ammonia
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Describe how an investigator might determine whether or not a one month old infant can percieve the difference between blue and green
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They would accustom an infant to a blue disk using the habituation technique. They then present the baby with a green disk and a blue disk. If the baby is more attentive to the green disk than the blue disk, then they can determine the difference between blue and green.
(Short Answer Not MC) |
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The underlying physiological reason why older adults are slower on many tasks than younger adults is
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slowing of the nervous system.
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Which BEST describes the hearing ability of a typical elderly individual?
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mild loss, especially for high-frequency sounds, made worse in environments with loud background noise
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Peter believes that his newborn already detects a difference between when he walks away from her and when he walks towards her, and that she understands that these two actions will lead to different outcomes for her. Peter's beliefs are MOST similar to those of a(n)
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nativist.
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The best estimate of a newborn's acuity is about
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20/600.
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Which is a criticism of cochlear implants?
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denies deaf children a chance to interact with the deaf community
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One-month-old infants were given either a smooth pacifier or one with hard nubs on which to suck. Although they had not seen the pacifier while sucking on it, when given the opportunity to look, the infants stared longer at the type of pacifier that they had sucked on. This shows that they have
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cross-modal perception.
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When describing her son's recent surgery Sheri says, "They connected a microphone on the outside of his head. Then they surgically ran a wire into his inner ear." This description indicates that Sheri's son had
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a cochlear implant.
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When 10- to 15-year-olds in Papua New Guinea are asked to draw pictures of the human body they are MOST LIKELY to
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scribble or draw tadpole-like forms.
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What is the BEST explanation for why infants prefer to look at some objects more than they look at others?
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Some objects can be seen more clearly by infants than other objects.
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Nerves are stimulated during the process of ____, and the brain interprets this information in the process of ____.
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sensation, perception
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Woody has just been diagnosed with presbycusis. What is he MOST LIKELY experiencing?
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He is having difficulty hearing high frequency sounds.
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Concerning the ability of newborns to hear, research has shown that they can discriminate
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frequency, loudness, duration, and direction.
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Why do new infant walkers with improved safety features actually inhibit the development of walking in infancy?
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They prevent infants from seeing their legs move.
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Which statement is FALSE?
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newborns tend to act favorably to the odor of ammonia
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Normally developing newborns can
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hear, smell, and can visually track slow-moving objects.
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A study finds that 100% of 20-year-olds, 70% of 40-year-olds, and only 40% of 60 year-olds are able to detect the scent of a single rotten egg in a 10 by 10 foot room. A developmental psychologist would MOST LIKELY explain this change in terms of a(n)
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increase in olfactory sensory threshold.
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The ability to taste ____ does not seem to decline with age.
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sweet candy
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Which of the following is TRUE?
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The genetic makeup of a fetus can influence the impact of a teratogen.
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Due to her accurate knowledge of prenatal physiology, Amber knows that since her unborn child suffers from anencephaly, the child will be born with
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no developed brain above the brain stem.
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The impact of maternal stress during pregnancy is likely to be most devastating on the fetus for
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Heather, who got pregnant when she and her boyfriend were “studying” in her bedroom when her parents weren’t home.
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Sally, who is pregnant, tests HIV-positive. When her daughter Jesse is born, she does not have the HIV virus. Sally's doctor is MOST LIKELY to tell her
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she should not breast feed her daughter, as she might transmit the HIV virus through her breast milk.
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What is the most important factor in determining what crosses the placental barrier?
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the size of the molecule
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Which of the following has the longest critical period?
A. the brain B. the eyes C. the limbs |
the brain
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Folic acid, in sufficient amounts, is necessary to normal neural tube development and the prevention of neural tube disorders such a spina-bifeda. Due to the timing involved, a woman should eat plenty of foods high in folic acid, or begin taking folic acid supplements
|
even before she becomes sexually active
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Suppose two people experience the same stressful events and as a result of the experience, one person develops an affective disorder while the second person shows no ill effects. The diathesis/stress model would MOST LIKELY explain this by saying that
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the two people had different predispositions for the disorder and had likely experienced different levels of stress during past encounters with similar stimuli.
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Most children have reached half of their adult height by what age?
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2 years
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The period of greatest risk for damage from teratogens is which of the following?
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embryonic period
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Jolene is a singer and has always been concerned about her weight, because her success depends, in good part, upon her looks. During her pregnancy she gained 35 pounds, and her friends are appalled. Should she
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tell her friends not to worry because she hasn’t gained that much and she plans to breastfeed
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Research suggests that brain growth spurts are closely tied to the development of all but which of the following motor milestownes?
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cephalocaudal development
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Holly's newborn appears malnourished, has respiratory problems, and is showing withdrawal-like symptoms. Given this description, Holly MOST LIKELY ____ while she was pregnant.
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abused cocaine
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Which of the following is NOT a primitive reflex?
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pupillary reflex
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According to the dynamic systems approach of motor development infants
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modify their movements in response to sensory feedback regarding their attempted movements.
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