Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the typical Tx of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and what is the result of it?
|
Removal of the parotid gland…leads to xyerostomia
|
|
|
In addition to mucoepidermoid carcinoma, what are some other salivary gland lesions?
|
Ranula
Mucocele Siolith Mumps |
|
|
What is chronic osteomyelitis?
|
In inflammatory response of the periosteum R/T infection or irritants
|
|
|
Radiographically, what is the look of chronic osteomyelitis?
|
Onion Skin
|
|
|
What is another "most common" odontogenic tumor?
|
Ameloblastoma
*Odontoma is the other "most common" one.* |
|
|
What is the apperance of ameloblastoma?
|
Soap Bubble look.
*Can cause death if in the Mx due to expansion.* |
|
|
What is another name for a Pindborg tumor?
|
Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor CEOT
|
|
|
What is the origin or a CEOT?
|
Odontogenic-->benign tumor
|
|
|
Where is an ossifying fibroma usually located?
|
Premolar & molar region
|
|
|
Radiographically, what is the look of ossifying fibroma?
|
A well defined radiolucency w/sclerotic borders. Calcification may be present
|
|
|
What is the most common primary type of malignant tumor of the bone?
|
Osteosarcoma
|
|
|
What does an osteosarcoma usually look like radiographically?
|
Sunburst or Spiking
|
|
|
Who is most impacted by Osteosaracoma?
|
Men age 35
|
|
|
What age range is Cherubism usually seen?
|
Typically 8-10 year olds.
Can be seen as early as 1 year but not usually diagnosed that early. |
|
|
What bone is most offen effected by cherubism?
|
The Mandible
|
|
|
Spongy bone is being replaced by ________ tissue in Cherubism
|
Fibrous Tissue
|
|
|
What is usually seen radiographically in someone afflicted with Cherubism?
|
Multiple well-defined, multiocular radiolucent lesions scattered within the bone.
Soap Bubble look! |
|
|
What actually is cherubism?
|
Bi-lateral, painless, expansion of the MN
|
|
|
What is the usual range in the MN where cherubism is present?
|
Teeth 6-11
|
|
|
Cherubism may leed to the ___________ loss of primary teeth & _________ eruption of permanent teeth
|
Premature Loss
Delayed eruption (sometimes the permanent teeth don't come in at all) |
|
|
What is the condition for missing teeth called? (Can be seen in cherubism)
|
Hypodontia (or partial anodontia)
|
|
|
What is the result of the lack of fusion or incomplete fusion of the palate during the 6th-8th week of development?
|
Cleft Palate and/or Cleft Lip
|
|
Nutritionally, what is often the cause of cleft lip of palate?
|
Vitamin deficiency…usually folic acid
|
|
|
What condition can enamel hypoplasia be confused with?
|
Amelogenesis imperfecta
|
|
|
What is the difference between amelogenesis imperfecta and enamel hypoplasia?
|
a GENETIC defectect in the development of the enamel
|
|
|
How many types of amelogenesis imperfecta are there? What is associated with osteogenesis imperfecta?
|
4 types of amelogenesis imperfecta
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta |
|
|
The most frequent form of Amelogenesis Imperfecta has pitted enamel,(random pits mainly on the buccal and labial surfaces) and may be hypersensitive.
What type is it? |
Type I Hypoplastic
*The ameloblasta malfunction and the enamel is not formed properly or of normal thickness.* |
|
|
Type II AI (amelogenesis imperfecta) has enamel of normal thickness but is poorly __________.
|
Calcified
|
|
|
Which type of AI has tteth that erupt with enamel that is yellow-orange in color, is soft and lost quickly?
|
Type II Hypocalcified
*This situation will leave exposed dentin which will stain easily* |
|
|
How do you polish Type II Hypocalcified AI?
|
Use a tooth brush..don't polish
*The cervical enamel is more calcified and usually remains on the tooth.* |
|
|
What is Type III AI called?
|
Hypomaturation-->the enamel is of normal thickness but is mottled.
|
|
|
Type III AI has enamel of a uniform hardness. How does it appear?
|
"Snow Capped"
Usually covers occlusal 1/3 and Maxilla is more involved. |
|
|
Type IV AI is characterized by thin, yellow-brown pitted enamel and is associated with ____________ (condition).
|
Taurodontism
|
|
|
What is Type IV AI called?
|
Hypoplasastic-hypomaturation.
|
|
|
In Dentinogenesis Imperfecta, which teeth are usually more affected? (Primary or Permanent)
|
Primary Teeth
|
|
|
What is the appearance of dentinogenesis imperfecta?
|
Bulbous crowns w/opalescent brown to bluish hue. *Attrition can be severe*
|
|
|
Radiographically, how does dentinogenesis imperfecta appear?
|
Bulbous roots
No pulp chambers Roots are short and thin (Believed to be a result of excessive secondary dentin) |
|
|
What causes Megaloblastic anemia?
|
Vit B-12 & folic acid deficiency
*Remember folic acid may also be a factor of cleft lip/palate* |
|
|
How might Megaloblastic anemia appear?
|
Pale mucus memabranes or a Large beefy tongue (red, sore & smooth)
|
|
|
What is Neutropenia?
|
A low neutrophil count
(less than 1500 cells per microlitre of blood) |
|
|
What is another name for neutropenia?
|
Agranulocytosis
|
|
|
What are some intraoral signs of neutropenia?
|
Severe Infections & Aggressive Periodontal Disease
*Can have rapid loss of periodontal attachment.* *May see loose teeth, deep pockets, bone loss & Extensive recession* |
|
|
What is another name for primary adrenal insufficiency?
|
Addison's Disease
*The body is fatigued out of the adrenal gland hormones.* |
|
|
Why might you see hyper-pigmentation of the skin & gingival tissues & mucosa with Addison's Disease?
|
Melinin is stiumlated with Addison's disease while other hormones are deficient.
|
|
|
What is necrotizing sialometaplasia?
|
minor salivary gland necrosis related to (R/T) trauma
|
|
|
What are the 3 stages of syphilis?
|
Primary-Chancre
Secondary-Mucous patches Third-gumma-->can show up 10-20 years later. |
|
|
During what stages is syphilis most contageous?
|
Primary-Chancre & Secondary-Mucous patches
|
|
|
How is syphilis transmitted?
|
Usually via sexual contact.
Can be passed mother to child or in blood transfusions |
|
|
If a Pt presents with stage 1 or 2 syphilis, how should I Tx them?
|
They are highly infectious-->Don't Tx Pt.
|
|
How long does the Primary-chancre stage last?
|
Usually 1-3 months and then resolves
|
|
How long does the Secondary-mucous patch stage last?
|
Typically 4-12 weeks but can go latent for many years.
|
|
|
In congential syphilis what makes up the Hutchinson's Triad?
|
1) Inflammation of cornea
2) Deafness 3) Dental Abnormalities (notched incisors/mulberry molars) |
|
|
What is another name for aphthous ulcers?
|
Cancer sore
|
|
|
What casuses apthous ulcers?
|
Stress, food trauma
|
|
|
Hos long do apthous ulcers usually take to heal?
|
They are self limiting and usually heal with in 7-10+ days (14 days)
|
|
|
Where in the mouth are apthous ulcers usually found?
|
Nonkeratinized mucosa
|
|
|
What is the most common ulcer seen in the oral cavity?
|
Apthous Ulcers
|
|
|
How would you treat cancer sores?
|
With a saline rinse
|
|
|
The apthous ulcers that appear on keratinized tissue are cause by _______ ________.
|
primary herpes
|
|
|
Keratin Pearls is synomous with what condition?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma--Cancer of the stratified squamous epithelium
|
|
|
Which population is squamous cell carcinoma most common?
|
Males 45+
|
|
|
Which cancer accounts for 90% of all oral cancers?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
What are risk factors in squamous cell carcinoma?
|
Tobacco,
betel nut, alcohol and sunlight (diet and stress also contribute) |
|
|
What are the primary areas for developing oral cancer?
|
Later border of Tongue,
Floor of mouth, gingiva. (salivary glands and areas of drainage are frequent sites) |
|
|
Outside of the oral cavity where is a popular site for squamous cell carcinoma?
|
The LIPS!
|
|
|
What is another name for Oral squamous papilloma?
|
Oral WART! Its very common
|
|
|
What virus causes oral squamous papilloma?
|
HPV…which means its sexually transmitted.
Be aware when discussing with juvenilles under 18 |
|
|
What is the look of oral squamous papilloma?
|
Cauliflower look and texture…usually white to pink in color.
|
|
|
What is the TX for oral warts?
|
Excise them
|
|
|
Verruca Vulgaris is a common ______ _______.
|
skin wart.
Caused by HPV |
|
|
What is the Tx for verruca vulgaris?
|
Excise the wart.
|
|
|
Condyloma Acuminatum is a ________ wart cause the the ________ virus.
|
venereal wart
HPV |
|
|
What does Codondyloma acuminatum look like?
|
Cauliflower-like growth similar to papilloma.
It is white-pink in color |
|
|
Where is condyloma acuminatum usually found?
|
Lips, tongue, palate, labial & lingual frenum There can be multiple and coalesce.
|
|
|
What is the Tx for Condyloma Acuminatum?
|
Excise the wart.
|
|
|
Which conditions are related to HPV?
|
Oral Squamous Papilloma,
Verruca Vulgaris, Condyloma Acuminatum |
|
|
What are some possible DD's for "wart lesions"?
|
Oral Squamous Papilloma,
Verruca Vulgaris, Condyloma Acuminatum |
|
|
What is another hame for focal epithelial hyperplasia?
|
Hecks Disease
|
|
|
What does Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia look like?
|
Multiple nodules on lower lip, buccal mucosa and tongue, cauliflower like and pink-white.
|
|
|
What is papillary hyperplasia associated with?
|
Wearing dentures 24 hours a day or ill fitting dentures
|
|
|
What should you advise the Pt to do if presenting with papillary hyperplasia?
|
Remove the dentures and let the tissue rest.
Dentures may need to be "re-lined" |
|
Verrucous Carcinoma is related to what habit?
|
Chewing tobaco (comes from the carcinogens)
|
|
|
How does Verrucous Carcinoma present?
|
White patches early and then cauliflower like larger areas as the cancer grows. Ulcerations may be present.
|
|
|
What are the 3 major forms of skin cancer?
|
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Sell Carcinoma & Melanoma |
|
|
Who might be the first to detect skin cancer lesions?
|
Dental Hygienists!
|
|
|
What is the most common cancer among women ages 20-29?
|
Melanoma!
Its also the #1 cancer in men over 50! |
|
|
What is the most common form of skin cancer?
|
Basal Cell Carcinoma
|
|
|
What are risks for Basal Cell Carcinoma?
|
Ultaviolet light, genetics & arsenic ingestion
|
|
|
What is it about basal cell carcinoma that makes it look different from other skin cancers?
|
The Pearly Border!
**Don't forget basal cell carcinoma is very slow growing.** |
|
|
What is the TX for basal cell carcinoma?
|
Excise the lesion.
*If you catch the lesion before it metastasizes there is a 99% 5 yr survival rate. If the lesion has matastasized there is only a 10% survival rate.* |
|
|
What are some risks for Squamous cell carcinoma?
|
Sun exposure, tobacco use, burned skin & genetics
|
|
|
What is a key factor for squamous cell carcinoma?
|
It develops in pre-existing actinic keratosis.
**Any lesion that is non-healing NEEDS to be evaluated.** |
|
|
Melanoma makes up ____% of skin cancers?
|
4% Looks like a nevi
*But if it metastasizes…it can be deadly!** |
|
|
What is the Tx for Melanoma?
|
Excise the lesion Possibly chemo or radiation.
**5 Year survival rate is 90-97%** |
|
|
What are the ABCD's of skin cancer?
|
A-->Asymmetry is there a lack of uniformity to the lesion?
B--> Border Irregularity are the edges of thelesion blurred, notched or ragged C-->Color Variation Does the lesion vary in shades of tan, brown, black w/red white or blue pigments D--> Diameter Noted when lesions ismore than 6mm or larger (size of pencil eraser) |
|
|
What is the most common type of precancerous lesion? (Know This!)
|
Actinic Keratosis!
(Often seen in the lips where someone is chronically burning them.) |
|
|
Actin Keratosis is an early marker for ________ _________ ___________.
|
Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
(Check the back of hands, ears, forehead and lower lip!) |
|
|
What does Actin Keratosis look like?
|
Scaly or crusty patches
|
|
|
_________ _________ is a form of actinic keratosis. (Apparently we will see this all the time in practice)
|
Actinic Chelitis
|
|
|
Where is Actinic Cheilitis usually found?
|
Lip mucosa (exposed to sunlight)
**Has a blothcy apperance & smokers are more at risk!** |
|
|
Neoplasms can be either __________ or ____________.
|
Benign or Malignant
|
|
|
Describe the traits of a benign neoplasm.
|
Encapsulated
Grow Slowly Don't Spread Can be Fatal (A benign tumor in the brain for example) |
|
|
Describe traits of a Malignant neoplasm
|
Not Encapsulated,
Grow Quickly Spreads or Metastasizes to other sites Can't tell where normal tissue starts and malignant tissue ends, Fatal if undetected. (Terms used Carcinoma & Sarcoma) |
|
|
Dysplasia
|
Creation of abnormal cells from normal cells
|
|
|
Carcinoma in Situ
|
Early stage of cancer/carcinoma…when dysplastic cells are separated from the surrounding tissues by the basement membrane.
|
|
|
Invasive carcinoma
|
A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells that infiltrate & destroy surrounding tissues and may metastasize!
|
|
|
Metastasis
|
The spread of cancer to distant parts of the body from where it orginated.
|
|
|
What is cancer staging? (In general)
|
In general, it describes the extent or severity of an individuals cancer based on:
Location of primary tumor Size & number Lymph node involvement Cancer type & grade (how closely the cancer cells resemble normal tissue) Presence or absence of metastases |
|
|
Localized
|
limited to the area it begain w/o spreading
|
|
|
Regional
|
spread beyond orginal primary site to nearby lymph tissues/nodes
|
|
|
Distant
|
Cancer has pread from primary site
|
|
|
What are the biggest causes of cancer?
|
Tobacco 30% & Diet/Obesity 30%
|
|
|
What are 3 BIG oral side effects of cancer Tx?
(KNOW THIS!) |
1) Xerostomia--loss of function of salivary glands
2) Mucositis--painful oral ulcers on any mucocal tissues 3) Radiation caries--happens VERY FAST Seen at cervial 1/3, destruction of salivary glands and inadequate OHI **4) Candidiasis may be present due to compromised immune system.** |
|
|
What is another name for condensing osteitis?
|
Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
|
|
|
Where does Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis usually take place?
|
At the apices of the teeth.
(Often associated with a deep cavity) |
|
|
What is condensing osteitis associated with?
Where is it usually found? |
Carious lesion or restored tooth
Mandibular Molars |
|
|
What actually is condensing osteitis?
|
Sclerotic bone without inflammation
|
|
|
What is the Tx for focal sclerosing osteomyelitis?
|
Extract the tooth,
Possible restoration, Endodontic Tx. Often is Asymptematic & can be left alone…but take RADS and keep track of it over time. |
|
|
What is a cementoblastoma? How would you describe it?
|
A Benign odontogenic tumor.
Usually well defined, lucent border, mixed opaque & lucent lesion at apex of tooth |
|
|
What is the most common type of odontogenic tumor? (MUST KNOW THIS!)
|
Odontoma
|
|
What disease can odontoma's be associated with at times?
|
Gardner syndrome
|
|
|
Where is the odontoma usually located?
|
Usually its localized in the posterior region.
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of odontoma?
|
Complex Compound-->Looks like little teeth.
|
|
|
What is the HALLMARK lesion of Gardner Syndrome?
|
Osteoma!
|
|
|
What is an osteoma?
|
A benign tumor of compact or cancellous bone
|
|
|
What are some symptoms of osteoma?
|
Ache in jaw, pain & swelling…may cause expansion of jaw
|
|
|
What does an osteoma look like?
|
Dense opaque growth
**Pt needs immediate referral due to disease…they can DIE from this if not treated!** |
|
|
What is another name for "marble bone disease"?
|
Osteopetrosis
|
|
|
What is osteopetrosis?
|
A rare condition characterized by marked increased bone density….bone marrow is being lost!
|
|
|
What makes up a perapical granuloma?
|
a mass of inflamed granulation tissue!
|
|
|
Radiographically, what is a periapical granuloma similar to?
|
Radicular cyst….Can only tell apart by a biopsy.
|
|
What is the only way to tell a periapical granuloma from a radicular cyst?
|
A biopsy! YOU MUST KNOW THIS!
|
|
|
If you are presented with a picture and asked what this lesion is and you don't know, but you can select 2 lesions…what do you pick?
|
Periapical Granuloma & Radicular Cyst!
|
|
|
What is a radicular cyst associated with?
|
A non-vital tooth
|
|
|
What is the most commonly occuring odontogenic cyst?
|
Radicular Cyst!
It can recur! |
|
|
What is the radicular cyst derived from?
|
rests of Malassez
|
|
|
What is the DD for a radicular cyst?
|
periapical granuloma
|
|
|
What are the odontogenic cysts? (3)
|
1) Radicular Cyst--most common
2) Dentigerous Cyst--2nd most common 3) Odontogenic Keratocysts |
|
|
Radiographically, what is the appearance of florid cementoosseous?
|
Like ground glass
|
|
|
What is the shape of an odontogenic myxoma?
|
Honeycomb or scalloped appearance
|
|
|
What tissue does an odontogenic myxoma come from?
|
odontogenic ectomesenchyme…
|
|
|
Facially or orally, what is a very common trait of FAS that you might see?
|
Cleft lip or palate
|
