Myth & Archaeology Exam 2

Front 1

archaeology of Persian wars

Back 1

-Persian chariot wheels as votives in temple of Apollo & Artemis at Kalapodi
-Schliemann - burial mound of Plataeans at Marathon

Front 2

relevance of myth & history

Back 2

-Iranians felt making of 300 was meant to go against them
-people are portrayed as different than they are/were (Reagan, Jews under Hitler)
-belief that your own country is best

Front 3

gods in the Iliad

Back 3

Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Artemis
Thetis, Scamander (river god)
Hades (represented more as place than god), Hermes (almost invisible - Iris more important)
Dionysus, Demeter (references in similes but not important)

Front 4

tripartite division

Back 4

Zeus (land & heavens)
Poseidon (sea)
Hades (underworld)

Front 5

gods' interaction with mortals in Iliad

Back 5

-constantly told they don't interact anymore
-come down into battle to aid hero, act as charioteer, move missiles, push people
-come down for beauty contests

Front 6

judgment of Paris

Back 6

-pivotal excuse for war
-even if a hero is a champion, they'll only win if no gods are against them

Front 7

Trojan supporters

Back 7

Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite
-Laomedon (Priam's father) had deal w/ Apollo & Poseidon that gods would build walls of Troy but Laomedon refused to give them reward -> not sure why Apollo supports Trojans
-Aphrodite because Aeneas' mother & because Paris chose her
-Ares - most hateful god, god of unjust war, loves killing & terror, in love w/ Aphrodite

Front 8

Laomedon

Back 8

Priam's father

Front 9

Greek supporters

Back 9

Hera, Athena, Poseidon
-Hera & Athena not chosen by Paris
-Poseidon angry at Laomedon

Front 10

who's in charge of the gods?

Back 10

Zeus? Fates? Hera? Aphrodite?
-Aphrodite's magic underwear

Front 11

Aphrodite's magical underwear

Back 11

kestos, "miracle bra"
magic sexual attraction, used by Hera to seduce Zeus

Front 12

Fates

Back 12

Clotho - spinner of thread of life
Lachesis - determiner of length
Atropos - cutter of thread

Front 13

Sarpedon

Back 13

beloved son of Zeus, Zeus wants to save him, but Hera points out that he could but that every other god would do the same & chaos would ensue (risk in turning gods against him)
-> lets Sarpedon be killed, sheds blood tears, sends both death & sleep to take him away to Lycia

Front 14

psychopompos

Back 14

accompanyer of souls (Hermes)

Front 15

Liminal

Back 15

space between earth & Hades

Front 16

elements of religious cult

Back 16

-sacrifice (priests)
-prophecy (prophets, but not always)
-libations - pouring out of something (wine)
-prayer

Front 17

sacrifice

Back 17

-hekatomb=100 cattle - big sacrifice
-burnt thigh bones with fat (smoke rises towards gods on mountains)
-slaughter of bulls & other animals

Front 18

priests

Back 18

Chryses, Cassandra, Laocoon, Agamemnon (sacrificer-in-chief)

Front 19

Chryses

Back 19

abduction of daughter Chryseis by Agamemnon makes Apollo angry (insufficiently honored) -> plague

Front 20

Cassandra

Back 20

-no prophecy in Homer
-priestess of Apollo
-lesser Ajax rapes her on altar of Athena, calls to Athena for revenge
-taken as war booty back to Clytemnestra, who kills her
-given gift of prophecy but no one will believe her because she refused to sleep w/ Apollo

Front 21

Laocoon & Poseidon

Back 21

-not in Homer, but in Vergil
-priest of Poseidon
-tries to warn Trojans that Greeks are in Trojan horse, 2 serpents come and eat him & sons
-"I fear the Greeks even bearing gifts"

Front 22

Agamemnon as sacrificer-in-chief

Back 22

-senior male, assures authority
-Iphianassa/Iphemede/Iphigeneia - daughter, sacrificed, not really in Iliad
Iphi - Greek for "strength"

Front 23

prophecy

Back 23

-trained prophets
-bird flight
-entrails
-interpretation of dreams & portents (some weird occurrence, e.g. something eaten by snake)
-direct communication with gods (sometimes on deathbed)

Front 24

prophets

Back 24

-get info from Apollo
-Calchas (Greek)
-Helenos (Trojan)
-Eurydamas & Merops - sons fighting for Trojans, foresaw sons' death by Diomedes
-Patroclus & Hector - make predictions as they're dying

Front 25

Calchas

Back 25

Iliad I-II
-cause of plague
-snake & sparrows - predicted length of Trojan war (devoured 10 sparrows -> 10 years)
-Poseidon disguised as Calchas in XIII
-more prominent in cycle
-explains why Apollo is angry at Agamemnon (Chryseis)

Front 26

Helenus

Back 26

-Apollo, Athena, & duel between Hector & Ajax
-Cypria - warns Paris that if he brings back Helen, Troy will burn
-Little Iliad - bow of Philoctetes is necessary to win (previously Hercules')
-Helenus taken as spoils by Neoptolemus to Epirus, marries Andromache

Front 27

Poulydamas

Back 27

-born same night as Hector
-good w/ words, not actions, opposite of Hector
-tells Hector not to attack, spells destruction for him (bird omen), Hector ignores warning
-if you don't listen to prophecy -> disaster; if you do, doesn't matter

Front 28

libations

Back 28

-wine poured onto burnt offerings
-feast
-prayer
-happens at funerals (Achilles at Patroclus' funeral)
-before perilous journeys - ask gods to allow safe return
-duel oath - Agamemnon makes libation before duel saying if anyone breaks agreement, let brains flow like wine
-Chthonic gods (gods of the earth) - wine sinks into earth
-apotropeic - warding off evil/resentment

Front 29

hero cults

Back 29

-Aipytos' ancient tomb
-Old King Ilos' barrow (pillar on man-made tomb)
-Sarpedon (son of Zeus that Zeus wants to save) - mounded tomb & pillar
-none in Iliad because heroes still alive

Front 30

myth, archaeology, & religion

Back 30

-Homeric (from Iliad)
-Minoan
-Mycenaean - adopted parts from Crete
-Dark Age/Iron Age

Front 31

bronze age started earlier east or west?

Back 31

east

Front 32

challenges to understanding Minoan religion

Back 32

-lack of documentary evidence (& can't understand language, only gives how to pronounce)
-overlap of religion, society, politics

Front 33

cave of Eileithya

Back 33

-MM cult centers
-Baetyl
-animal bones
-animal figurines
-bronze artifacts

Front 34

Eileithya

Back 34

Greek goddess of childbirth

Front 35

baetyl

Back 35

Greek for meteorite
any stone that is worshipped

Front 36

peak shrines

Back 36

-artifacts link MM protopalatial elites
-built at tops of mountains (closer to gods?)
-Linear A (used only by palace scribes), Kamaras ware
-worship continuity for hundreds of years at some
-ash layer, no bones (too hard to bring animals up mountains)
-many figurines - symbols of animal you would/do sacrifice if not on peak
-pilgrimage? - seasonal activity, layers of ash from different times
-as palaces got more important, shrines became less

Front 37

horns of consecration

Back 37

-abstract symbols of bull horns, painted on sarcophogi, physical structures at shrines
-don't know ritual significance

Front 38

tripartite shrine

Back 38

-1 central part w/ 2 wings
-maybe related to trinity

Front 39

ritual equipment

Back 39

-rhyton (rhyta pl.)
-double axe - ceremonial, not for use
-stone offering table

Front 40

rhyton

Back 40

pouring vessel for serving wine, large vessel w/ hole, conical or shaped like bull's head, involved in ritual

Front 41

domestic shrines

Back 41

-depicted in frescoes
-town, palace, house

Front 42

lustral basin

Back 42

throne room, Knossos
lustral = "purification"
no way to drain, so maybe not for ritual/purification

Front 43

throne room, Knossos

Back 43

lustral basin, griffons, throne, benches around sides (sign of religious space?)

Front 44

griffons in Knossos throne room

Back 44

also on seal rings in cult significance

Front 45

throne in Knossos throne room

Back 45

contour built for woman?

Front 46

snake goddess or priestess?

Back 46

most generally believed to be fake (made later)
ivory representations fake, signet rings authentic

Front 47

goddess of the mountain/beasts

Back 47

standing on top of mountain, holding scepter, man also present, depicted on signet rings, w/ griffons

Front 48

goddesses?

Back 48

horns & animals (birds on crown), hands raised

Front 49

Minoan pantheon
-example on ppt

Back 49

-female figures depicted as bigger than males (but man up higher in some cases)

-3 big women, 2 small women, 1 small man
-1 big woman sitting, the rest standing
-double-double axe

Front 50

male consort

Back 50

smaller than females
consort to queen/princess/goddess

Front 51

male divinity?

Back 51

-male figures rarer
-usually smaller in stature
-lesser male divinity?
-rural matriarchy? - power of creation
-urban patriarchy?

Front 52

Ayia Triadha sarcophagus

Back 52

LMIIIA (14th century)
-painted plaster over stone
-carrying offerings - animal figurines, boat model
-one pouring liquid into vessel that drips on ground (offering)
-one person w/o feet (Chthonic god rising from earth?)

Front 53

celestial vs chthonic gods

Back 53

chthon = earth
-older earth gods often female
-newer sky gods often male

Front 54

sacrifice fresco on sarcophagus

Back 54

-bull tied to altar - animal sacrifice, followed by feast
-music being played

Front 55

human sacrifice

Back 55

-act interrupted by earthquake in Anemosphila
-bound(?) male on alter, cut open (maybe injured & being operated on, probably sacrifice)
-2 others killed in room by earthquake
-1 killed in anteroom w/ krater (of blood?)

Front 56

child sacrifice & cannibalism

Back 56

-children's bones w/ butchering marks in North House, Knossos
-bones w/ cut marks (removing flesh)
-same bones as you find after butchering animals

Front 57

Theseus & minotaur

Back 57

-Minoan palace + human sacrifice + worship of bulls?
-Athenians send human tribute to bull-crazy Minoans
-palace at Knossos like Labyrinth to simpler Mycenaean Greeks?
-father left tokens under huge rock that Theseus had to lift -> ready for quest
-heroic journey

Front 58

Labyrinthine Palace

Back 58

-complex corridors in palace at Knossos
-dismembered bodies

Front 59

hero story elements

Back 59

-miraculous conception/birth
-hiding of/threat to child
-society's desire for change
-withdrawal & initiation
-resistance of hero role
-search for lost father
-quest
-magical tools/weapons
-impossible adversaries
-journey to underworld
-return (in disguise) to rescue beloved

Front 60

Theseus miraculous conception/birth

Back 60

Aegeus (mortal)/Poseidon father

Front 61

Theseus hiding of/threat to child

Back 61

Troezen, with Aethra, Medea

Front 62

Theseus society's desire for change

Back 62

no more sacrifice!

Front 63

Theseus search for lost father

Back 63

trip to Athens

Front 64

Theseus quest

Back 64

killing minotaur

Front 65

Theseus magical tools/weapons

Back 65

club, thread, sword

Front 66

Theseus impossible adversaries

Back 66

numerous

Front 67

Theseus journey to underworld

Back 67

rape of Persephone

Front 68

Aegeus, Medea, & Theseus

Back 68

-Medea the Colchian witch
-murderer of brother & children by Jason
-sends Theseus to kill Cretan bull, tries to poison him

Front 69

Marathonian/Cretan bull

Back 69

-brought to Greece by Herakles (12 labors)
-bull of Poseidon
-Pasiphae & bull
-minotaur's father
-killed by Theseus

Front 70

revenge of Minos

Back 70

-Androgeos at Panathenaic games
-victorious Cretan murdered by envious Athenian athletes or by Aegeus
-Athenian compensation: 7 boys & 7 girls sacrificed every 7/9 years

Front 71

Cretan "games"

Back 71

-bull-leaping
-use horns to jump over bull (force of charge flips you)

Front 72

Theseus' trip to Crete

Back 72

-1 of 7 boys
-white sails indicate success, black/red sails indicate failure (death of Theseus)

Front 73

Theseus' edge in quest

Back 73

inside woman - Ariadne, daughter of Minos
-gives him magical thread to escape

Front 74

Theseus' victory

Back 74

-slays minotaur
-sails off into sunset w/Ariadne

Front 75

Theseus' honeymoon

Back 75

-Naxos
-abandons Ariadne
-Dionysus finds her, they drink happily ever after

Front 76

Theseus sails home to celebrate victory

Back 76

-Aegeus watching for son
-wrong color sails
-Aegeus leaps to death
-Theseus becomes king of Athens

Front 77

Hippolyte

Back 77

-Theseus & Pirithous quest to get girdle - carry off Antiope/Hippolyte (Amazon)
-Theseus gets Hippolyte

Front 78

Amazon invasion of Attica

Back 78

-punish/rescue Hippolyte
-Amazons defeated
-Hippolyte dies fighting beside Theseus, already had son

Front 79

more of Theseus' bad behaviour

Back 79

-abducts Helen when she's 12 - rescued by brothers
-Theseus & Pirithous go to underworld to abduct Persephone
-tricked into sitting in chair of oblivion
-rescued by Herakles (Pirithous must remain)

Front 80

Theseus, Phaedra, Hippolytus

Back 80

-stepmother Phaedra tries to seduce Hippolytus (son of Theseus, not interested)
-accuses him of rape
-Phaedra commits suicide
-Theseus curses Hippolytus - calls on father to send up another bull, Hippolytus' horses panic, Hippolytus gets dragged along rocks/sand on beach & dies, Theseus later discovers innocence

Front 81

death of Theseus

Back 81

-Helen rescued by brothers (Dioscuri - Castor & Polydeuces)
-Theseus sent to exile
-murdered/fell off a cliff

Front 82

Tree(-tugging) cult

Back 82

-both men & women pulling trees down
-people hugging stones

Front 83

accessing prehistoric religions

Back 83

who can help?
what evidence is there?
what are the obstacles?

Front 84

who can help in accessing prehistoric religions?

Back 84

-archaeologists (excavations)
-philologists (Linear B scholars)
-anthropologists (compare to modern cultures - very unreliable)
-Homer scholars

Front 85

conflicting/confusing evidence for prehistoric religions

Back 85

-Linear B
-iconography

Front 86

Linear B as evidence for prehistoric religions

Back 86

names, offerings (know existence of shrines, not practices or what they looked like), no myths/religious texts

Front 87

iconography as evidence for prehistoric religions

Back 87

-doesn't match Linear B evidence
-Linear B - male gods very important
-frescoes/iconography - powerful women, few men

Front 88

no evidence for middle Helladic religion

Back 88

-no texts of any kind
-no figurines
-no iconography
-no shrines

Front 89

roots of Mycenaean religion?

Back 89

-Indo-European?
-near Eastern?
-Cycladic?
-Minoan?
-via elite contacts (top of palatial structure)?
-found in association w/ elite
-power of religion associated w/ power at top -> elite construct?

Front 90

peak sanctuaries in Mycenaean religion?

Back 90

no

Front 91

Mycenaean borrowings

Back 91

-Minoan iconography & cult implements (rhyta)
-horns of consecration, tripartite shrine w/ birds

Front 92

god names we recognize in Linear B

Back 92

Zeus, Poseidon (palace of Pylos seemed to consider him special), Ares, Apollo? (Paiawon - later cult epithet)

Front 93

possibly recognizable Linear B epithets

Back 93

-Enyalios ("warlike"/"battle" - later epithet for Ares, but maybe 2 war gods?)
-Paiawon ("Paian" - epithet for Apollo)
-Enosidas ("Earthshaker" - Poseidon)

Front 94

unknown deities in Linear B

Back 94

-Potnia ("mistress" - supreme deity? title of respect?)
-Potnia from Atana (Athena?)
-Diwia (female counterpart of Zeus)
-Posidaieia (female counterpart of Poseidon)

Front 95

Mycenaean figurines

Back 95

-Psi, Phi, Tau
-associated w/ religion but found in strange contexts
-all female
-sometimes near shrine, sometimes broken up to strengthen bricks

Front 96

zoomorphic figurines

Back 96

bovid - cows/bulls
-abstract
-earlier ones look more realistic

Front 97

Mycenaean cult center

Back 97

inside city walls
"house of idols"
"room with the fresco"

Front 98

house of idols

Back 98

-LHIIIB architecture
-"temple"
-storeroom upstairs
-triangular alcove
-entrance through anteroom
-"living rock" - exposed, runs through corner naturally (religious significance?)
-small room
-central hearth
-steps to storeroom
-central platform
-benches - for offerings? platforms for cult statues?

Front 99

end of days in house of idols

Back 99

-storerooms sealed after quake
-broken figures kept
-only 1 idol in use at time of final destruction of cult center (LHIIIB2)
-cult center not reused after quake

Front 100

room with the fresco

Back 100

-LHIIIB1 construction date
-fresco on east wall
-altar/platform in front of fresco
-central hearth
-low bench on south wall - cult activity?
-"shrine" added on west side - "room with the ivories" - precious items
-rich finds of clay, ivory, lead, stone, faience

Front 101

ivory finds in room with the ivories

Back 101

-ivory lion for ornate chair arm?
-ivory head to fit on wooden body/frame?
-scarab of Queen Tiye, wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (100 yrs older than shrine)
-only elite have access to ivory, scarabs from Egypt

Front 102

woman on lower register of fresco w/ ears of grain

Back 102

-probably accompanied by griffon
-Demeter?
-horns of consecration, tiny male figures

Front 103

women on upper register of fresco w/ sword & staff

Back 103

-only see feet, legs, sword, staff/spear
-Athena & Hera?

Front 104

hierarchy of position in fresco?

Back 104

upper women more powerful than lower? or celestial vs chthonic

Front 105

wheat woman - goddess/priestess?

Back 105

-Linear B evidence
-Potnia
-i-je re-ja - priestess
-wheat lady - Demeter

Front 106

woman w/ boar's tusk helmet & griffon fresco - who is it?

Back 106

Athena?

Front 107

what/who do "idols" represent?

Back 107

-snakes in Minoan religion but not coiled clay ones as in Mycenaean
-smaller, decorated figures as deities? - prettier than bigger ones

Front 108

matriarchal or patriarchal Mycenaean religion

Back 108

-anthropomorphic (gunaikamorphic - woman) piriform jar
-alcove in house of idols
-iconography vs. Linear B evidence

Front 109

goddess of room of ivories?

Back 109

Psi figurine shape, elaborate, jewelry

Front 110

goddess of room with idols?

Back 110

holding breasts, tau figurine

Front 111

Kourotrophos

Back 111

woman figurines with baby(-ies) in arms
sometimes 2 women w/ baby

Front 112

gods & worshippers?

Back 112

-hands positioned to hold something - what?
-Labrys (double-headed axe)? - priest?

Front 113

evidence of Mycenaean worship only in

Back 113

settlements

Front 114

Tiryns shrine

Back 114

-built against inside of fortification wall of lower citadel
-megaron plan
-central hearth, vestibule, & main room
-tiny but packed w/ figurines
-bench against fortification wall in main room
-several LHIIIC phases

Front 115

shrine sites?

Back 115

Mycenae, Tiryns, Tsoungiza, Midea, Methana, Ayia Irini, Phylakopi

Front 116

Methana shrine

Back 116

lots of chariot figurines, men in helmets riding horses
-special god associated w/ horses?

Front 117

shrines at Midea & Tsoungiza?

Back 117

woman figurine/vase (open top)?

Front 118

the islands

Back 118

-Phylakopi on Melos - rich in minerals, place of worship for a long time, rich finds (why didn't people retrieve valuables?)
-Ayia Irini on Kea
-very different from other sites

Front 119

lady of Phylakopi

Back 119

-Phylakopi shrines from LHIIIA-C
-found w/ lots of offerings
-NW altar of west shrine - male figures
-large bull figures
-LHIIIA2-LHIIIC

Front 120

Phylakopi bull figures

Back 120

Cp. Dimini (N. Greece) & Mitrou (C. Greece)

Front 121

Ayia Irini

Back 121

-initially Minoan, then Mycenaean
-cult center from MC (18th century) to Hellenistic period (3rd c.) - 1500 yrs!
-50 female statues (chest height), LHIIIA-B, terra-cotta

Front 122

dark age chronology

Back 122

1100-700 BCE
aka early iron age
-protogeometric (1100-900 BCE), starting to use geometric shapes on pottery
-geometric (900-700), complex geometric shapes

Front 123

protogeometric vases

Back 123

often found in tombs (most intact), no pictures of people

Front 124

geometric vases

Back 124

-whole pot covered in designs, some topped w/ sculptures
-sometimes put bones of sacrificed animals in vases that mark graves

Front 125

burial location

Back 125

originally in floors and walls, then moved to outside city

Front 126

collapse of Mycenaean civilization

Back 126

-no more palaces (many burned)
-no more wanax (supreme lord)
-no more writing
-depopulation (some refugee sites)
-true dark age

Front 127

dark age religion

Back 127

-ta legomena kai dromena
-legomena - the things said (Homer, Linear B)
-dromena - things done (burial, sacrifice, deposition/votive behavior, formalized feasting)

Front 128

11th-9th centuries

Back 128

-sanctuaries, not inside buildings but in open spaces
-no temples

Front 129

some important sanctuaries

Back 129

identified by evidence of offerings, later sites of temples
mainland:
-Asine (unclear)
-Amyklai (Apollo)
-Isthmia (Poseidon)
-Kalapodi (Apollo, & Artemis?)
-Olympia (Zeus)
islands:
-Dreros, Crete
-Heraion, Samos (near Turkey)

Front 130

how do we know who the sanctuaries were dedicated to?

Back 130

continuity (temples built later, then statues, then offering w/ name of god)

Front 131

dark age sanctuary locations

Back 131

-center of settlements
-edge of settlements
-isolated
-peaks (keep shrines safe, people living higher up, farther from sea - piracy is dangerous)

Front 132

8th century temples

Back 132

-first temples in dark ages
-Dreros, Crete (Apollo)
-Heraion, Samos (Hera)
-Kalapodi, central Greece
-clay miniatures of temple dedicated to Hera at one temple
-peaked roof, porch on front, sometimes rounded back

Front 133

Dreros, Crete

Back 133

~750 BCE
-eastern Crete
-ridge between 2 hills
-hearth temple (hearth as central feature) - sacrifices sometimes occurred inside temple
-bigger than older temples
-altar at back
-Apollo, Leto, & Artemis

Front 134

Apollo, Leto, & Artemis

Back 134

-Apollo bigger male figure
-statues from later than temple (650-640 BCE)
-bronze plate hammered onto wooden core

Front 135

marble statues

Back 135

lots burned to make lime for fields (not valued as art)

Front 136

Samos (Heraion)

Back 136

-Heraion hekatompedon ("hundred footer")
-open area w/ altar from before temple
-long & narrow w/ central pillars
-porch added later & extended roof to make portico on each side
-Lygos tree (Hera born under Lygos tree)
-cult statue (we have base) - about 2/3 life size
-dedications - number greatly increased (15-20x) after temple is built

Front 137

Hector, Hecuba, & cult practice

Back 137

-Helenus (Hector's brother) tells Hecuba to go to temple to make offering w/ older women, take large, lovely robe to spread on Hera's knees, promise to sacrifice heifers
-meant to stop Diomedes' attack (equal trade)
-poet of Iliad knew of cult statues

Front 138

Cassandra & cult statue of Athena

Back 138

-goes to temple for protection, clings to statue's knees
-dragged away & raped by lesser Ajax

Front 139

Kalapodi

Back 139

-can't get to most of temple
-continuity of cult of Apollo (& Artemis?)
-Germans uncover new temple almost every year
-geometric temple under many other layers
-fresco from geometric temple showing phalanx

Front 140

control of religion?

Back 140

-legomena - Linear B
-thrice hero
-basileus
-ancestor cult
-hero cults

Front 141

thrice hero

Back 141

-ancestor of wanax? (palace connection Pylos tablets)
-tritopatores/tritopatreis=triple father
-3 generations? - could remember 3 generations back
-dead as collective entity, collective ancestry

Front 142

basileus

Back 142

-qa-si-re-we
-ascribed status - inherent in identity
-achieved status by doing good things
-no more wanax
-lower level than wanax (most Greek heroes)

Front 143

ancestor cult

Back 143

ritual practice at family graves or BA graves
-establish (pretend) relationship w/ greater past

Front 144

hero cults

Back 144

-epic
-local
-anonymous (embodiment of heroism)
-grave/human remains? (random place)

Front 145

hero cult in Homer

Back 145

-hero=basileus?
-"Homer" aware of hero cult?
-Homer as originator of cult
-writes about cults, then people base hero cults on Homer

Front 146

basileus as big man

Back 146

-reciprocity
-built network of power by giving gifts to people to put them in your debt
-Agamemnon gives gifts like this

Front 147

Lefkandi, Euboea

Back 147

Toumba, Lefkandi (grave mound/barrow)
-length of Olympic pool
-curved end, long straight walls, central pillars
-parts destroyed by bulldozer of angry farmer
-turned into a mound before construction had been finished
-hero burial & horse burial in center, from right after turned into mound

Front 148

Lefkandi hero burial

Back 148

cremated burial (bones wrapped in cloth) in bronze bowl, next to female inhumation, wearing gold bra, necklace, knife next to shoulder

Front 149

Lefkandi horse burial

Back 149

4 horses, 2 w/ bits in mouths, throats cut

Front 150

Lefkandi burials parallels

Back 150

burials of Patroclus & Hector

Front 151

burial of Patroclus

Back 151

-4 stallions, 2 dogs, droves of sheep w/ fat cut out, 12 Trojan prisoners sacrificed
-David painting: 2-handled jars of oil & honey, bones in gold urn after burning of pyre, small temporary barrow (Achilles wanted to be buried w/ Patroclus in bigger barrow)

Front 152

funeral of Hector

Back 152

-bones wrapped in purple cloth, then put in gold chest from Cyprus (much older)
-stones on top

Front 153

alternative Minoan chronology

Back 153

palaces of Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, & Zakro

Front 154

pre-palatial

Back 154

3100/3000-1925/1900 BCE
EMI-MMIA

Front 155

protopalatial

Back 155

(old palace)
1925/1900-1750/1720 BCE
MMIB-MMIIB

Front 156

neopalatial

Back 156

(new palace)
1750/1720-1490/1470 BCE
MMIIIA-LMIB

Front 157

post-palatial

Back 157

1490/1470-1075/1050 BCE
LMIIIA-C

Front 158

lady of Lefkandi

Back 158

-1000 year old Babylonian necklace
-gold bra
-wife-princess?
-no cut marks on vertebrae
-just a grave good?
-sacrificed? (like people at Patroclus' funeral)

Front 159

Lefkandi big man to hero?

Back 159

-imitating things described in epics
-archegetes=leader

Front 160

wine-dark sea

Back 160

-easiest to get around by boat (less chance of ambush)

Front 161

ships in Greek myth

Back 161

-Danaos' ship
-Argo
-Helen
-catalog of ships in Iliad
-Ajax defending Greek ships w/ huge pike
-Odysseus' ship(s)

Front 162

first ship

Back 162

took Danaos & daughters to Argos, trying to escape Aegyptus & 50 sons
-daughters kill husbands, punished by filling cauldron w/ hole in underworld

Front 163

Argo

Back 163

-built by Argus
-Jason & Argonauts - quest for golden fleece

Front 164

Helen

Back 164

face that launched a thousand ships

Front 165

Iliad catalog of ships

Back 165

-28 contingents
-1186 ships
-100000-140000 men

Front 166

Odysseus the ship builder

Back 166

-Calypso, Odyssey V
-decides to go home, Calypso ordered to help him build ship

Front 167

tools & materials for building Homeric ships

Back 167

-20 trees
-bronze axe
-augers
-trenails (wood swells & joints get better over time)
-dowels
-cloth to make sails
-halyards
-sheets

Front 168

Odysseus' craft

Back 168

-decking - close-set uprights, long gunwales
-mast, yard-arm, rudder
-black (pitch)
-wattled osier withies (basket-like structure, help against waves) from stem to stern

Front 169

what evidence for pre-historical shipping?

Back 169

-physical remains of boats
-artifacts that don't belong
-depictions

Front 170

Franchthi cave obsidian

Back 170

-volcanic glass, can make sharper than steel
-c. 10900 BCE
-upper palaeolithic - first found
-more found in mesolithic
-comes from Melos (brought by boat)
-sea level has risen over time (some islands were connected, but not Melos)

Front 171

upper palaeolithic

Back 171

20000-8300 BCE

Front 172

mesolithic

Back 172

8300-6000 BCE

Front 173

neolithic

Back 173

6000-3000 BCE

Front 174

early boats

Back 174

-papyrela (papyrus)
-dugout canoes (found in Italy in Greek settlements)

Front 175

Melian obsidian on Crete & Cyprus

Back 175

-Neolithic
-shipping ability expanding

Front 176

Kefalonia

Back 176

island, people had to arrive w/ boats around 38000 BCE

Front 177

people on Crete

Back 177

-130000-700000 years old
-hand axes & stone tools (acheulean, could give evidence for time & origin)
-came from south? (Danaos)

Front 178

earliest boat depiction

Back 178

Neolithic Strophilas, Andros

Front 179

EBA boat models

Back 179

Palaiokastro, Crete
Mochlos, Crete - horns of consecration?

Front 180

Cycladic boats

Back 180

-are there 1000 year old archaisms in Thera cult scene?
-"frying pans"
-sort of have legs
-ritual significance?
-fish symbol -> weathervane?

Front 181

preservation of Thera & Theran frescoes in volcanic eruption

Back 181

~1550 BCE
-buried Akrotiri (Minoan first, then some Mycenaeans) up to 2 stories
-tsunami wiped out Minoan civilization
-well-built walls
-1620/1520 frieze

Front 182

1620/1520 frieze on Thera

Back 182

-large variety of boat types
-some only rowing, w/ sunshade
-some w/ important guy at front & sail
-party boat?
-boats for all occasions -> armada?
-first sea battle? -> people w/ horses & spears, but what about party boats?
-could be some of each (marine themed room)

Front 183

Minoan ship?

Back 183

-1 sail
-attachments on one end
-box at other

Front 184

Mycenaean shipping

Back 184

-Enkomi, Cyprus - LHIIIB
-big people w/ helmets & long tool (sword?) -> marine force
-smaller guys - crew

Front 185

Mycenaean trade routes

Back 185

-complicated
-go between islands
-to Italy
-west out of Mediterranean
-to black sea
-to Egypt

Front 186

Trojan war as trade dispute?

Back 186

-Troy trying to control access to black sea?
-more probable than fighting over someone's wife

Front 187

trajectory of Uluburun shipwreck

Back 187

~1300 BCE
-some wood survived
-354 copper ingots
-tin ingots
-blue glass ingots
-Cypriot pithoi (jars for burying people)
-Canaanite Amphorae
-balanced to prevent sinking

Front 188

cape Gelidonya shipwreck

Back 188

~1200 BCE
-only have layout of cargo, very little wood

Front 189

Amarna letters

Back 189

"I herewith send you 500 talents of copper"
-copper oxhide ingot recovered from Uluburun shipwreck
-roughly 325 talents of copper recovered, likely part of directional cargo
-10 tons copper & 1 ton tin recovered from shipwreck (10:1 copper:tin ratio was norm for bronze in bronze age)

Front 190

evidence from mainland

Back 190

-Kynos naval warfare
-12th c. ship

Front 191

Kynos naval warfare

Back 191

-LHIIIC
-Ajax the Lesser's home?
-pictorial pottery of shipping
-pictures showing naval battles
-also lots of agricultural scenes
-helmsman & warrior
-helmsman less important but controlled boat, knew how to navigate

Front 192

12th c. ship

Back 192

-Pyxis (little box) in tomb near Pylos
-warship?
-piracy?
-sail
-ram on front? (or maybe latrine)
-more long than wide, built for speed
-similar to boats in Iliad?

Front 193

dipylon cemetery vase (shipping)

Back 193

-dark age shipping
-funeral marker
-boat & soldiers on each side of pot
-fight happening on boat
-beached boats?
-bird on one end
-small sail (no space on pot?)
-basket sides
-no oars
-Greeks & Trojans fighting on ships? or at least similar
-8th c. - Homer - dark age ships but part of tradition