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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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writing in Homer
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marking lots to choose a hero
deadly letter of Bellerophon |
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marking lots to choose a hero (book VII)
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-challenge best to single combat w/Hector
-winner to take spoils of war but return body for burial -9 heroes put their mark on stone -only Ajax can identify mark on chosen pebble, delighted -seals used in Bronze Age to identify people etc. |
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Kafkania pebble
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-found stuck in wall in Mycenaean building
-faintly scratched symbols that look like Linear B -found on April Fool's day, spelled out Jason (couple's son's name) -hoax |
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Mycenaean sealstones
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-press into soft substance, leave seal ranging from simple to elaborate
-people in Dark Ages often found things from earlier times (& copied them) |
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deadly letter of Bellerophon (book VI)
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-aristeia of Diomedes (killing everyone)
-Glaucus - not sure if man or god, asks who he is, talks about family -> descended from Bellerophon -Diomedes' grandfather met Bellerophon & had guest friendship -can't fight -> gift exchange (Glaucus gave gold, Diomedes bronze) -Homer doesn't seem to understand that it makes Diomedes owe Glaucus (says Glaucus was stupid) -Bellerophon was very handsome Greek, moved to Anatolia (Glaucus is Trojan) -wife of king of Argos (Proetus) fell in love with Bellerophon, not interested, accused him of having come at her -sent away -given folded tablet with murderous signs ("fatal message") to give to king so he'd know to kill him (scratched in folded tablet) -king of Lycia keeps trying to kill Bellerophon, eventually gives up |
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murderous signs
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-memory of Linear B?
-contemporary "foreign" writing system? -new Phoenician alphabet? (unitarians believe) -narrator of Iliad doesn't know how to read |
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folded tablet
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-Uluburun shipwreck
-folded wooden tablet recovered, 3 ivory hinges in center, slightly hollowed out (would be filled with wax) -wax -> scratch in it, then melt for re-use -probably sealed (Bellerophon didn't open his) |
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Uluburun shipwreck
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-late 14th century BC
-Cypriot (Cyprus) or Levantine origin? -LHIIIA2 pottery -cargo from entire Aegean world - Mycenaean, Cypriot, Canaanite, Kassite (Iran/Iraq), Assyrian (Mesopotamia), Egyptian -sail around and trade as you go |
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writing systems
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-hieroglyphs
-cuneiform -linear A -linear B -Ogham |
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hieroglyphs places
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Egypt, Anatolia, Crete (before Linear A), Luwian
(Mayan, native Americans) |
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cuneiform
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wedge-shaped script
Sumerian, Akkadian, Old Persian, Babylonian, Elamite, Luwian |
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linear A
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-syllabograms? - symbols that give whole syllable (vowel+consonant)
-unknown language, Minoan, Eteocretan, before Greek -Luwian? Phoenician? |
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linear B
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Mycenaeans
-syllabograms derived from Linear A -no literature, only accounts (inventory etc) -200 signs total (syllabograms & logograms) |
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Ogham
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Gaelic/Irish
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hieroglyphic etymology
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hieros - sacred
glyphein - to carve |
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Egyptian hieroglyphics
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-3300 BCE (before BA in Greece)
-letters between Hittites & Egyptians -logograms - represent whole words -ideograms - represent idea -alphabetic letters |
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Rosetta stone
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-Napoleon invaded Egypt 1798-1801
-Ptolemy V decree on tax repeals & erecting statues in Greek, hieroglyphic Egyptian, & demotic Egyptian |
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Jean-Francois Champollion
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1822-4
translated hieroglyphics on Rosetta stone |
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Luwian language
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-Anatolia, Hittites (overlap)
-hieroglyphics & cuneiform -1996 - Luwian seal found in Troy from about same time (hieroglyphics, belongs to important scribe & wife on other side) |
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cuneiform technique
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wooden stick w/sharp edges, soft clay (have drawings of people making it)
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cuneiform examples survived how?
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originally soft clay, palaces burned, fired into hard pottery
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Behistun inscription
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-cuneiform
-in extremely inaccessible high cliff -in Old Persian, Elamite, & Babylonian -from Darius I (521-486 BCE) |
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Henry Rawlinson
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English
got credit for deciphering Behistun inscription, never said how he did it |
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Edward Hincks
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Irish
did all the same things right before Rawlinson |
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Hattusa archive
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-Alaksandu of Wilusa (Alexandros/Paris of Troy?)
-King Muwattalli II (1290-1272 BCE), Hittite, alliance with Alaksandu -King Tudhalija (1420-1400 BCE) - reference to dealing with people from Tarwiza, Wilusa -evidence of Hittite contact with Troy |
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J.A. Knudtzon
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1902
deciphered Hittite |
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Phaistos disk
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Cretan hieroglyphics
-related scripts, partly syllabic, partly logographic -Egyptian hieroglyphs, Anatolian hieroglyphs, linear A (don't know which, can't decipher) |
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Arthur Evans
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excavated Knossos, tried to decipher linear A
-linear B not Greek -> can't say sounds needed for Greek |
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John Younger
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also tried to decipher linear A
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Michael Ventris
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1922-56
-heard speech by Arthur Evans -deciphered linear B with help of John Chadwick -some words show up a lot - city names -some endings change - conjugations/declensions -some symbols with logograms underneath -Greek |
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linear B & Mycenaean social order
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WA-NA-KA - wanax (king, in Iliad, Zeus & Agamemnon)
RA-WA-KE-TA (lawagetas) - leader of the people/host=prince/general -social hierarchy, slavery |
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Phoenician alphabet
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-origin of our alphabet
-semitic letter names -aleph=ox=alpha -bet=house=beta |
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alphabet in "history"
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Herodotus (father of history, Greek historian 5th century BCE)
-talks about Cadmus introducing writing to the Greeks (didn't know about Linear B) -Cadmus preceded Trojan War by generations (14th century BCE -> Herodotus wrong) -conventional date of Trojan war is 12th century BCE |
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Cadmus
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mythical brother of Europa
founder of Thebes |
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Homeric warfare reality?
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Bronze Age (Mycenaean)?
Iron Age? both? literary fiction? |
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elements of warfare
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-helmets
-shields -body armor -weapons -chariots -tactics/formations |
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weapons for Achilles
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"Pyrrha" among women of Scyros -> goes for sword instead of jewels
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divine armor
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Achilles brought armor by Thetis made by Hephaestus to replace the armor Patroclus borrowed (lost when killed)
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battles over fallen heroes
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-armor and weapons - want to protect from being taken by victor, very valuable (not much left in tombs, removed later even if dead could afford to be buried with them - usually passed on or removed from tomb during later burial)
-trophy - taken from famous person, increased status as hero -wealth -want body to be recovered, not decapitated/mutilated (stay that way in the underworld) |
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Homeric helmets
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-multiple materials - skin caps, bronze, boar's tusk
-up to 4 horns/plates (sometimes break sword used to try to strike helmet) -cheek guards -horsehair ridge crest/tail -leather chin strap -Hector says goodbye to Astyanax (baby son), but cries so father has to remove helmet |
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helmets - EBA - Cyclades
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-some people wore helmets
-layers of material |
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MH, LHI, LHII helmet styles
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wide variety
depicted on pottery & signet rings |
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boar's tusk helmet
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-plates stitched onto leather cap
-Theran fresco (Santorini) -MH helmet from Kolonna, Aegina -shiny, hard tusk would make glancing blow slide off |
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Tiryns helmet
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-thin bronze, late Mycenaean (submycenaean period)
-cheek guards -holes on sides to let air in (fought during summer, very hot) |
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Homeric shields
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-round
-body-shield (figure-8 no specific references in Homer, tower) -bronze -oxhide in layers -baldric -boss |
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baldric
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strap (leather, sometimes w/jewels or gold) that connected shield to soldier (keeping weight on shoulder - shield is heaviest piece of armor)
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boss
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raised spots in center or around edge
-can be used as offensive weapon |
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round shield
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most common
-shield of Achilles, made by Hephaestus - elaborate craftsmanship -shield of Agamemnon - head of Gorgon on central boss, minor gods Panic & Fear on either side, 10 concentric circles -Pylos fresco - LHIIIB -Tiryns kraters LHIIIC (mixing bowl for water & wine) |
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figure-eight shields
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-Tiryns palace & Mycenae cult center
--goat hide --central boss --piebald coloring -lion hunt dagger, shaft grave IV, Mycenae - shield is almost as tall as soldiers -Hector's shield hits neck & ankles when he puts it on his back to flee |
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tower shield
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-ground up
-people group around Ajax's shield (brother shoots arrows from behind) -very heavy -mini fortress -Akrotiri, Thera -diminished in popularity as bronze became more common? |
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other shield types (not in Homer)
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-LHIIIC pictorial style krater
-warrior vase, house at Mycenae -note smaller shields - eastern influence/import? sea peoples? (less likely) |
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proto-dipylon shield
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-stone sculpture
-Mycenae, probably LHIIIC -geometric (Iron age) dipylon cemetery - pots depicting dipylon shields -large indent on sides - stylistic, spaces for spears |
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Homeric armor
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-heroic nudity - go into battle w/no armor
-Schwartz - emphasis on shield/baldric = lack of body armor -but references to bronze corslet |
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bronze corslet
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tunic
-neck to waist, sometimes just front, sometimes front & back -decorated cuirass - Agamemnon -golden armor - Glaucus |
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well-greaved Achaeans
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leg guards
-LHII (earliest) - Dendra tomb, Mycenaean cemetery in Argolid -linen in LHIIIA-B - Mycenaean fresco -LHIIIC - Kallithea, Achaea |
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LHI armor
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-didn't wear armor all over
-shoulder guard, Dendra -signet ring, Thisbe, Boeotia -perishable cuirass |
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LHII armor
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-bronze armor from Dendra chamber tomb (panoply) - down to waist, up to neck, boar's tusk helmet
-couldn't actually fight in it? but made of bands that allowed it to move -> quite possibly foot soldier, not necessarily charioteer |
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LHIIIA-B armor
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-variation, innovation, or continuity?
-Mycenae -don't have money to buy new armor for each generation -similar to Linear B logograms (Knossos LHIIIA, Pylos LHIIIB2) -kings kept armor to give people for war |
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Iron Age armor
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-more solid corslets/cuirasses
-shields with deep notches |
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weapons
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-daggers - some ceremonial or only for rich to wear in death
-cut & thrust swords - bronze with gold studs (sharp point & 2 cutting edges, everyone cut by sword dies, free-for-all system -2 options) -archery, spears & javelins |
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archery
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-bronze & chert (flint/stone - cheaper) arrowheads from Mycenaean sites
-archery in Iliad & Odyssey (in Odyssey no negative connotations -> written by 2 different people?) -archery used in hunting -often behind hand-to-hand fighting |
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people known for archery
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-Teucer
-Paris -Apollo (god of archery) & Artemis - fire arrows at people -> plague -- archery is immortal pastime/skill -disdain for people at back (safer) |
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the bow
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-Philoctetes & bow of Heracles (bit in foot by snake, screamed, left on island by comrades, had to get him because needed bow to capture Troy)
-Paris & death of Achilles (shot in heel with arrow) |
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spears
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-size matters
-Hector - 11 cubits -Achilles - bigger (biggest on Greek side - no one else can lift it) -Ajax - ship-pike 22 cubits - holds everyone off singlehandedly while defending burning ships |
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battle formations
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-individual combat
-serried ranks? (Myrmidons - troops of Achilles) - fought close together -phalanx? - shoulder to shoulder -Chigi vase - 650-640 BCE - organized phalanxish fighting, marching in formation, piper keeping them in step, forest of spears |
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acme of phalanx
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-C4th Macedonians, Philip II and Alexander
-front 5-6 ranks (16 men square) have spears down -front person sticks someone, slides back & next guy comes forward in his place |
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Homeric phalanx?
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chapter 11 - bracing shields, wedge of Argive comrades
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Promachoi
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front battlers (heroes)
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Promachoi and the multitude
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-maybe group of people with individuals occasionally coming forward
-maybe separate groups of people |
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chariot warfare
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-transport or fighting platform?
-heroes usually jump off & on, charioteers keep out of the way -come around to where ordinary soldiers were struggling -poet didn't know how chariots worked? |
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sources on Spartan life & customs
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-Herodotus
-Xenophon -Plutarch -Theucydides -Plato -Aristotle |
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Herodotus
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-484-425 BCE
-father of history but son of myth (exaggerations) -Greek living in Anatolia -access to veterans of Persian wars (interviews) -accused of being too friendly to barbarians |
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Xenophon
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-430-354 BCE
-from Athens, lived in Sparta -mercenary in Persian "civil war" -Anabasis - about Greek attempt to retreat (treachery, climate, hostile tribes) -essay on Spartan institutions |
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Plutarch
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-46-127 CE
-life of Lycurgus the lawgiver (probably lots of myth) -Spartan institutions & life |
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Lycurgus
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set up education system in Sparta
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Persian empire
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Bulgaria, Anatolia, Levant, Iraq, Egypt, & more (huge)
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origin of Persian wars
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-Ionia - southern Anatolia, Greek colonies, Greek cities rebelled against Persians trying to take over
-500 BCE Ionian revolt -Persian taxes & military service, local tyrants trying to bring external enemy -498 BCE Athens sends help to Ionian cities, burns Sardis, most get killed on the way back |
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Sardis
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main Persian power center in Ionia
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Persian response to Ionian revolt
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-Darius (521-486 BCE) plots revenge
-495 BCE Darius regains Ionia -492 BCE Persian campaigns in Thrace -comes after Athens and Eretria -490 BCE Persian fleet lays siege to & burns Eretria |
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battle of Marathon
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-490 BCE
-Athenians led by former mercenary Militiades -karneia (festival that made Spartans unable to help Athens) -Athens supposed to wait for Spartans to arrive, but decided to attack -Greek losses 192, Persian 6,400 (Herodotus) -weak Athenian center line, Persians broke through, sides came around (attacks on 3 sides) -ran off to Athens to report victory (26 miles), died as soon as made report (probably myth) |
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2nd Persian invasion
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-Xerxes, son of Darius
-481 BCE, Greek league -Sparta - best land forces -Athens - best naval power -Thermopylae |
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Greek league
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organization of Greek city-states to fight Persians (a few gave in to Persians instead of joining)
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battle of Thermopylae
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-480 BCE
-Karneia - Spartans sent only 300 -Persians had suffered heavy losses in storm (1/3-1/2 fleet) -Thespians (Thespiae) slaughtered with Spartans (politically important to make Spartans heroes to rally around) -some Thebans also stayed when everyone else fled (Thebes sided with Persia, but not all citizens did) |
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battle of Salamis
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-480/479 BCE
-Themistocles -Greeks lose ~40 ships -Persians lose ~200 ships -Persians couldn't swim (lost men on board when ships sank -immortals slaughtered on Psyttaleia - got on land, then killed |
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Themistocles
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Athenian general, peace through superior firepower, built up fleet
-persuaded other Greeks to keep ships close together (Salamis) -lure Persians into narrow area |
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Artemisia
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female admiral from Halicarnassus (Herodotus from there also)
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triremes
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3 banks of oars, could use sails too, big beaks at front to put hole in ships (boards held together by pressure, disintegrate when lose any structure)
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battle of Plataea
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-479 BCE
-death of Mardonius (Persian commander), end of Persian invasion -Herodotus: 43,000 of 250,000 Persians survived, 159 Greek died -one of most important battles in human history |
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battle of Mycale
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-same day as Plataea?
-Persian fleet followed by Greeks -beached, fought land battle -ships burned after battle (Persians lost) -Persian general & admiral die -made it impossible for Persians to attack Greece |
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why did Greek win against Persia?
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-numerical disadvantage
-Greek hoplites heavily armored in bronze vs Persian soldiers in linen corslets with wicker shields and light javelins that shattered on contact -long vs short spear (repeated stabbing) |
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myth: heroic nudity
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godlike Spartans didn't even need armor
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history: hoplite panoply (vs. nudity)
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-helmet, shield, breastplate/cuirass, greaves, sword, spear (total weight=50-70lbs)
-full panoply: above plus armguard, forearm guard, belt, thigh piece, ankle guard, foot guard |
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hoplite shield
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-convex wooden disc
-bronze overlay -picked their own decorations (except Spartans) - Gorgon popular |
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hoplite cuirass
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-front & back pieces
-solid bronze -linothorax underneath |
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hoplite helmet
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-Corinthian helmet late 6th-early 5th century BCE
-beards to protect chafing? |
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Spartan superiority
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-regular training together & bonding in syssitia
-uniformity of panoply -distinctive Spartan shield with lambda -scarlet cloak (enemy couldn't tell when bleeding?) -all looked the same |
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Ephialtes
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-from Trachis (central Greece)
-eugenics (throwing deformed babies off cliff) -Greek collusion (conspiracy) -not deformed -Spartan bounty on his head (led Persians around back) |
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hoplite tactics
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phalanx or monomachia (single combat)
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Spartan male society
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-agoge
-krypteia -syssitia -homoioi reserves |
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agoge
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7-17
treated brutally, forced to steal food to survive |
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krypteia
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18-20
secret police force encouraged to kill slaves that looked like they might rebel |
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syssitia
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21-30
mess hall slept & ate together, continued to eat there until age 60 |
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homoioi reserves
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31-60
ones with same values |
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2 ways to die serving state (Sparta)
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men - battle
women - in childbirth |
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Spartan female society
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-property rights
-sexual rights -education -sports (thought immodest by other Greeks) |
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Spartan sexuality
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-Athenian boy-lovers?
-no home life until 30 -mess hall cold at night -slept in communal beds -encouraged young-old man love -thought if you fought beside gay lover, you'd fight harder to protect him -if man infertile, had to find another to produce children |
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Xerxes
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-reliefs at Persepolis
-heavily bearded -enlightened ruler (female admiral, liberal society) |
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immortals
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always 10,000 - replaced when one died
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Spartan government
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-5 ephors elected from Spartiate class for 1 year
-2 hereditary kings w/equal authority -Gerousia (council of 29 elders over 65, elected for life, usually from "royal households" + the 2 kings) -Damos – citizen assembly |
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Spartans as defenders of freedom?
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-"Dorian invasion"
-took over Laconia & Messenia -Spartiates - pure born settlers -perioeci - merchants -helots (agricultural serfs) - brutally suppressed (Sparta had to be very military to protect from uprisings) -krypteia -kings |
