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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Net Primary Productivity |
NPP = GPP - respiration loss the amount of energy available to organisms in an ecosystem |
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Gross Primary Productivity |
the amount of energy captured via photosynthesis |
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respiration loss |
the amount of energy used for cellular respiration by plants |
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Trophic pyramid |
Shows energy loss and population decline between trophic levels 90% of the energy is lost as heat 10% moves up to the next level |
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succession |
gradual change in the species that make up an ecosystem |
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primary succession |
happens on places WITHOUT previous ecosystems where there is NO SOIL pioneer species like LICHEN and MOSS begin succession |
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secondary succession |
happens in places where a previous ecosystem has been disturbed and there is ALREADY SOIL there skips pioneer species step |
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Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
Biodiversity is highest in ecosystems experiencing moderate levels of disturbance |
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resilience |
ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance more diversity = more resilient |
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climax community |
the ecosystem that eventually forms as an end product of succession |
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instrumental value |
valuable because humans use it |
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ecosystem services |
pollination filtering water cleaning air providing resources -food -lumber -medicine |
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niche |
describes how an organism fits into its ecosystem What it needs how it interacts with others what it provides |
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fundamental niche |
ALL possible conditions in which a population could survive large unrealistic |
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realized niche |
the conditions in which a population ACTUALLY survives in small real life |
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resource partitioning |
organisms with overlaping niches avoid competition by using the resources in different ways -spatial partioning (use different areas) -temporal partitioning (use at different times) -morphological partitioning (different body shapes to use resource differently) |
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Generalist species |
– have a wide range of tolerance to most abiotic conditions - have a broad niche -can live in many habitats -eat a variety of foods |
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specialist species |
- have a smaller range of tolerance to most abiotic conditions - occupy narrow niches - use few food sources - can live in only very specific habitats - are more sensitive and prone to extinction |
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competition |
occurs when 2 organisms have overlapping niche fitness of both organisms decreases |
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interspecific competition |
competition between 2 DIFFERENT species |
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intraspecfic competiton |
competition between 2 of the SAME species |
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Competitive Exclusion Principle |
When 2 species occupy the same niche, competition will occur. the results of this competition will be either: - weaker competitor move to seperate niche or - weaker competitor goes extinct |
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Predation |
One organism kills and eats the other predator fitness increaseas prey fitness decreases |
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Predator prey populations fluctuate together. Prey pop always bigger Predator population curve is delayed after the pery population curve |
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keystone predator |
predator that increases the diversity of its ecosystem does so by keeping competition in check. prevents one species from outcompeting all the others |
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mutualism |
interaction where both species benefit |
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parasitism |
one organism feeds off of another WITHOUT KILLING it immediately parasite fitness increases host fitness decreases |
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commensalism |
interaction where one species benefits without effecting the other species in any way one fitness goes up other fitness not effected |
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Natural selection |
- all organisms have different traits - Nature creates a selective pressure favoring traits that help organisms survive and reproduce - traits that help survive and reproduce are adaptations - organisms with adaptations reproduce more passing on their genes - eventually adaptation spreads to the whole population |
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Artificial selection |
Humans promote the presence of a desirable trait through selective breeding |
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founder effect |
evolution occurs when a small population colonizes a new area |
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bottleneck effect |
evolution occurs in a population after there has been a huge population crash |
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genetic drift |
evolution occurs as a result of random mating mostly in small populations |
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Coevolution |
2 species evolving in response to each other |
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Evolutionary Arms Race |
coevolution occurring between predator and prey |
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convergent evolution |
2 different species evolve similar traits ex: bats and birds |
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Rate of Evolution is influenced by.... |
Population size Genetic Diversity Rate of Environmental Change Generation Time |
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Speciation |
one species becomes 2 different species |
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Allopatric speciation |
Geographic Isolation leads to different traits eventually they become genetically distinct and can no longer reproduce |
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Sympatric speciation |
mutations to sex chromosomes causing polyploidy Reproductive isolation |
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6th extinction |
happening now Larger and faster than ever before caused by human activity |
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Habitat loss |
leading cause of biodiversity loss biggest source of habitat loss = agriculture |
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Invasive species |
species introduced to a new area, quickly take over by outcompeting native species and reduce biodiversity successful b/c 1. no predators 2. grow quickly 3. reproduce quickly |
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Biomagnification |
concentration of a pollutant increases as it moves up the food chain
top predators have much more in them than primary consumers DDT and bald eagle example |
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Endocrine disruptors |
disrupts endocrine system (horomones) |
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pH |
Measure of the acidity of water Low pH mobilizes heavy metals allowing them to dissolve into groundwater and runoff |
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turbidity |
measure of water clarity high turbidity = not clear high turbidity indicates pollution by sediment |
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disolved oxygen (DO) |
the amount of oxygen in the water high DO = better dependent upon temperature (cold water = more DO) decomposition of organic matter by bacteria lowers DO |
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
measures the oxygen requirement of organisms living in a body of water high BOD indicates lots of decomposition of organic matter high BOD = low DO |
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Nitrates |
measures amount of NO3 in the water indicates nutrient pollution from animal waste or fertilizer excess causes algal bloom and eutrophication |
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phosphates |
Measures amount of phosphate in water indicates nutrient pollution from fertilizer / detergent excess causes algal bloom and eutrophication |
