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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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instrumental value |
valuable because humans use it |
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ecosystem services |
pollination filtering water cleaning air providing resources -food -lumber -medicine |
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niche |
describes how an organism fits into its ecosystem What it needs how it interacts with others what it provides |
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fundamental niche |
ALL possible conditions in which a population could survive large unrealistic |
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realized niche |
the conditions in which a population ACTUALLY survives in small real life |
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resource partitioning |
organisms with overlaping niches avoid competition by using the resources in different ways -spatial partioning (use different areas) -temporal partitioning (use at different times) -morphological partitioning (different body shapes to use resource differently) |
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Generalist species |
– have a wide range of tolerance to most abiotic conditions - have a broad niche -can live in many habitats -eat a variety of foods |
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specialist species |
- have a smaller range of tolerance to most abiotic conditions - occupy narrow niches - use few food sources - can live in only very specific habitats - are more sensitive and prone to extinction |
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competition |
occurs when 2 organisms have overlapping niche fitness of both organisms decreases |
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interspecific competition |
competition between 2 DIFFERENT species |
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intraspecfic competiton |
competition between 2 of the SAME species |
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Competitive Exclusion Principle |
When 2 species occupy the same niche, competition will occur. the results of this competition will be either: - weaker competitor move to seperate niche or - weaker competitor goes extinct |
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Predation |
One organism kills and eats the other predator fitness increaseas prey fitness decreases |
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Predator prey populations fluctuate together. Prey pop always bigger Predator population curve is delayed after the pery population curve |
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keystone predator |
predator that increases the diversity of its ecosystem does so by keeping competition in check. prevents one species from outcompeting all the others |
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mutualism |
interaction where both species benefit |
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parasitism |
one organism feeds off of another WITHOUT KILLING it immediately parasite fitness increases host fitness decreases |
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commensalism |
interaction where one species benefits without effecting the other species in any way one fitness goes up other fitness not effected |
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Natural selection |
- all organisms have different traits - Nature creates a selective pressure favoring traits that help organisms survive and reproduce - traits that help survive and reproduce are adaptations - organisms with adaptations reproduce more passing on their genes - eventually adaptation spreads to the whole population |
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Artificial selection |
Humans promote the presence of a desirable trait through selective breeding |
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founder effect |
evolution occurs when a small population colonizes a new area |
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bottleneck effect |
evolution occurs in a population after there has been a huge population crash |
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genetic drift |
evolution occurs as a result of random mating mostly in small populations |
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Coevolution |
2 species evolving in response to each other |
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Evolutionary Arms Race |
coevolution occurring between predator and prey |
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convergent evolution |
2 different species evolve similar traits ex: bats and birds |
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Rate of Evolution is influenced by.... |
Population size Genetic Diversity Rate of Environmental Change Generation Time |
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Speciation |
one species becomes 2 different species |
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Allopatric speciation |
Geographic Isolation leads to different traits eventually they become genetically distinct and can no longer reproduce |
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Sympatric speciation |
mutations to sex chromosomes causing polyploidy Reproductive isolation |
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6th extinction |
happening now Larger and faster than ever before caused by human activity |
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Habitat loss |
leading cause of biodiversity loss biggest source of habitat loss = agriculture |
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Invasive species |
species introduced to a new area, quickly take over by outcompeting native species and reduce biodiversity successful b/c 1. no predators 2. grow quickly 3. reproduce quickly |
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Biomagnification |
concentration of a pollutant increases as it moves up the food chain
top predators have much more in them than primary consumers DDT and bald eagle example |
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Endocrine disruptors |
disrupts endocrine system (horomones) |
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pH |
Measure of the acidity of water Low pH mobilizes heavy metals allowing them to dissolve into groundwater and runoff |
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Heavy Metals |
Metals with neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects Lead - source: burning coal, old plumbing effects: neurotoxin, developmental issues, retardation, Mercury - sources: burning coal effects: biomagnifies, neurotoxin, developmental issues, seisures |
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Atrazine |
Most commonly used herbicide in the US Endocrine disruptor causing hermaphroditism in amphibians |
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DDT |
first commercially available pesticide used to kill mosquitos Banned in US but still produced here Biomagnifies, drove eagles to the brink of extinction |
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overharvesting |
removal of a population at a rate faster than it can reproduce causes extinctions |
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Lacey Act |
Prohibitsthe transport of illegally harvested game animals across state lines |
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Marine Mammal Protection Act |
Prohibitsthe killing of all marine mammals in the US Prohibitsthe import or export of any marine mammal body parts |
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Endangered Species Act |
USFWSdetermines which spp canbe listed as threatened or endangered •Prohibitsthe harming of listed spp •Prohibitstrade of fur or body parts of listed spp •Allowsgov topurchase habitat •Requiresgov todevelop recovery plans for spp•Restrictsdevelopment of habitat of listed spp |
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hotspot |
Ecological regions with tremendous biodiversity Protected using ecosystem approach to conservation |
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Bioreserves |
Areasset aside to protect biodiversity 3 areas: Core - no human activity Buffer - moderate human activity Transition - sustainable resource use and agriculture allowed |
