Microbiology-Chapter 12

Front 1

Characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi

Back 1

Kingdom: Fungi
Nutritional Type: Chemoheterotroph
Multicellularity: All, except yeasts
Cellular Arrangement: Unicellular, Filamentous, Fleshy
Food Aquisition Method: Absorptive
Characteristic Features: Sexual and Asexual spores
Embryo Formation: None

Front 2

Structure of Molds

Back 2

The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae are called mycelium

Front 3

Structure of Vegetative Growth

Back 3

a)Septate hypha
b)Coenocytic hypha
c)Growth of a hypha from a spore

Front 4

Structure of yeast and their division

Back 4

-Unicellular
-Fission yeast: divide symmetrically
-Budding yeast: divide asymmetrically

Front 5

Discuss Candida albicans

Back 5

-Yeast
-Normal flora of oral cavity, genitalia, large intestine, or skin of 20% of humans
-Accounts for 70% of nosocomial fungal infections

Front 6

Diseases caused by Candida albicans

Back 6

1)Thrush: occurs as thick white, adherent growth on the mucous membranes of mouth and throat
2)Vulvovaginal yeast infection:painful inflammatory condition of the female genital region that causes ulceration and whitish discharge
3)Cutaneous candidiasis: occurs in chronically moist areas of the skin and in burn patients
-Treatment: topical antifungals for superficial infections, amphotericin B and fluconazole for systemics

Front 7

Explain fungal dimorphism

Back 7

Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37 degrees Celsius and a moldlike 25 degrees Celsius.

Front 8

Examples of asexual reproduction in fungi

Back 8

-Conidia or conidiospores
-Sporagio spores:
spores contained in sacs

*no exchange of genetic information

Front 9

Describe 3 phases of sexual reproduction in fungi

Back 9

1) Plasmogamy: haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of the receptor cells (-)
2) Karygamy: + and - nuclei fuse
3) Meiosis: Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

Front 10

Three types of sexual spores

Back 10

1) Zygospores
2) Ascospores
3) Basidiospores

Front 11

Economic effects of fungi

Back 11

1) Saccharomyces cerevisiae: bread, wine, HBV vaccine
2) Taxomyces: taxols
3) Paecilomyces: kills termites

Front 12

Fungal diseases of fungi

Back 12

(Mycosis: fungal infection)

1) Systemic mycoses: deep within body
2) Subcutaneous mycoses: beneath the skin
3) Cutaneous mycoses: affects hair, nails, and skin
4) Opportunistic mycoses: caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi

Front 13

Describe lichen

Back 13

-Mutualistic combination of an alga and fungus
-Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast

Front 14

Characteristics of Algae

Back 14

-Kingdom: Protist
-Nutritional Type: Photoautotroph
-Multicellularity: Some
-Cellular Arrangement: Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues
-Food Aquisition Method: Diffusion
-Characteristic Features: Pigments
-Embryo Formation: None

Front 15

Examples of Algea

Back 15

1) Rhodophyta
-red algae
-cellulose cell walls
-most are multicellular
-harvested for agar and carrageenan
2) Chlorophyta:
-green algae
-cellulose cell walls
-unicellular or multicellular
-chlorophyll a and b
-store glucose polymer
-gave rise to plants
3) Dinoflagellates
-cellulose in plasma membrane
-unicellular
-neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

Front 16

Protozoa

Back 16

-Kingdom: Protist
-Nutritional Type: Chemohetertroph
-Multicellularity: None
-Cellular Arrangement: Unicellular
-Food Aquisition: Absorptive, ingestive
-Characteristic Features: Motility, some form cysts
-Embryo Formation: None

Front 17

Characteristics of Protozoa

Back 17

-Vegetative form is a trophozoite
-Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or schizogony
-Sexual reproduction is by conjugation
-Some produce cysts

Front 18

Characteristics of Archaezoa

Back 18

-No mitochondria
-Multiple flagella
Examples:
1. Giardia lamblia
-fresh water streams
2. Trichomonas vaginalis
-spread on toilet seats and towels
-produces STD (HIV)

Front 19

Characteristics of Amoebozoa

Back 19

-Moves by pseudopods
Examples:
1. Entamoeba
-causes G.I. illness
2. Acanthamoeba
-grows and enters the body while swimming, may infect the cornea and lead to blindness

Front 20

Characteristics of Apicomplexa

Back 20

-Nonmotile
-Complex life cycles
-Intracellular parasites
Examples:
1. Plasmodium
2. Cryptosporidium
3. Toxoplasma

Front 21

Discuss Plasmodium: causative agent of Malaria

Back 21

-Dominant protozoan disease
-Obligate intracellular sporozoan
-4 species:
P. malariae
P. vivax
P. falciparum
P. ovale
-Female Anopheles mosquito is the primary vector; blood transfusions, mother to fetus
-300-500 million new cases each year
-2 million deaths each year
**swampy areas, damage to blood cells and organs, common in children**

Front 22

Discuss Malaria

Back 22

PATHOGENESIS:
-Symptoms include chills-fever-sweating, anemia, and organ enlargement
-Symptoms occur at 48-72 hour intervals as RBC's rupture; depends on species
-P. falciparum is most malignant type; highest death rate in children
-Diagnosis by prescence of trophozoite in RBC's, symptoms
THERAPY:
-choloroquine, quinine, primaquine
--increasing drug resistance
PREVENTION:
-bed nets, stay indoors at night, prophylactic medication

Front 23

Characteristics of Euglenozoa

Back 23

-Move by flagella
-Euglenoids
--photoautrophs
-Hemoflagellates
--Trypanosoma
>sleeping sickness
>Chagas' disease: leads to heart disease

Front 24

Trypanosoma brucei and African Sleeping Sickness

Back 24

-Spread by tsetse flies
-Harbored by reservoir mammals
-In Africa, 50 million at risk and 50,000 die each year
-Two varients of disease caused by 2 subspecies:
1. T.b. gambiense-Gambian strain; West Africa
2. T.b. rhodesiense- Rhodesian strain; East Africa

Front 25

African Sleeping Sickness

Back 25

-Biting of fly inoculates the skin with trypomastigotes
>multiply in blood
>damage spleen, lymphonodes and brain
-Chronic disease symptoms are sleep disturbances, tremors, paralysis, and coma
-Trypanosomes are readily demonstrated in blood, spinal fluid or lymph nodes

Front 26

Characteristics of Helminths

Back 26

-Kingdom: Animalia
-Nutrition Type: Chemoheterotroph
-Multicellularity: All
-Cellular Arrangement: Tissues and organs
-Food Aquisition Method: Absorptive, ingestive
-Characteristic Features: Elaborate life cycles
-Embryo Formation: All

Front 27

Helminths (Parasitic Worms)

Back 27

Kingdom: Animalia
-Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
--Class: Trematodes (flukes)
--Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)
-Phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)

Front 28

Characteristics of Helminthes

Back 28

-Reduced digestive system
-Reduced nervous system
-Reduced locomotion
-Complex reproduction

Front 29

Life Cycle of Helminths

Back 29

1)Monoecious (hermaphroditic)
-male and female reproductive systems in one animal
2)Dioecious
-seperate male and female
EGG-->LARVA(E)-->ADULT

Front 30

Arthropods as Vectors
(examples)

Back 30

-May transmit diseases (vectors)
-Kingdom: Animalia
--Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton & jointed legs)
---Class: Insecta (6 legs)
.....>Lice, fleas, mosquitoes
---Class: Arachnida (8 legs)
.....>Mites, ticks

Front 31

Arthropods As Vectors
(related terms)

Back 31

-Mechanical transmission:
physical (fly)
-Biological transmission:
microbe multiplies in vector
-Definitive host:
Microbe's sexual reproduction in vector (mosquito)
-Intermediate host:
asexual; human